Reproduction Final

Question 1

What are the 3 components of the circulatory system

Answer 1

fluid, pump, vessels

Question 2

what is the purpose of circulatory system in animals

Answer 2

high metabolic demands

work over long distances

Question 3

who has no circulatory system?

Answer 3

• Protozoans
• Porifera
• Cnidaria
• Ctenophora
• Platyhelminthes
• Nematoda

Question 4

who has a closed circulatory system

Answer 4

Cephalopod molluscs
• Annelids
• Chordates

Question 5

who has an open circulatory system

Answer 5

• Most molluscs
• Arthropods
• Echinoderms
• Hemichordates`

Question 6

where does gas exchange occur

Answer 6

capillaries

Question 7

what are the 2 types of vessels?

Answer 7

• oxygenated blood leaves heart through arteries

* deoxygenated blood returns to heart through veins

Question 8

what is the pump in fish

Answer 8

• Two chambers (1 atrium and 1 ventricle)

* Single loop circulatory system

Question 9

what is the pump in amphibians and reptiles?

Answer 9

• Three-chambers (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
• Double loop circulatory system
• Some mixing of de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood

Question 10

what is the pump in aves and mammals

Answer 10

• four-chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
• Double loop circulatory system
• Most efficient

Question 11

two types of reproduction?

Answer 11

r selected and k selected

Question 12

r selected

Answer 12

• short life expectancy
• Many offspring (thousands)
• Low % survival
• No parental care
• Cultural memes not passed down
• no parental nourishment

Question 13

k selected

Answer 13

• Long life expectancy
• Few offspring
• High % survival
• Parental care
• Cultural memes passed down
• Nourish embryo

Question 14

what are the 5 types of asexual reproduction?

Answer 14

:)

Question 15

what are the 3 types of sexual reproduction?

Answer 15

bisexual reproduction
hermaphroditism
parthenogenesis

Question 16

sequential hermaphroditism

Answer 16

active sex changes at some point during life

Question 17

simultaneous hermaphroditism

Answer 17

active female and male organs at the same time

Question 18

what are the types of parthenogenesis

Answer 18

diploid and haploid ( meiosis forms a haploid egg cell, which develops into a haploid individual)

Question 19

automixis vs apomixis

Answer 19

In automixis, meiosis forms the haploid oocyte, which fuses with another oocyte or undergoes chromosome replication to form a diploid zygote.
In apomixis, mitosis produces a diploid female egg cell
automixis does not produce a clone, apomixis produces a clone

Question 20

what are the common reproductive strategies of fishes?

Answer 20

dioecious, external fertilization, oviparous, release large numbers of gametes

Question 21

what are the general fish reproductive patterns

Answer 21

Pelagic (open sea) marine teleosts

Near-shore and benthic (bottom-dwelling) fish

Question 22

near-shore and benthic fish

Answer 22

• Larger eggs, with more yolk
• Non-buoyant, adhesive
• Eggs are buried, attached to vegetation, deposited in nests
• Many benthic fish guard their eggs (male)

Question 23

Pelagic marine teleosts

Answer 23

• minute, buoyant, transparent eggs

* Eggs hatch into larvae as they float in the ocean

Question 24

reproductive traits in birds

Answer 24

dioecious, oviparous, generally no external genitalia, cloaca, internal fertilization by a cloacal kiss, female lays one egg per day until she has a full clutch

Question 25

determinant layers

Answer 25

produce a certain number of eggs and then stop

Question 26

indeterminate layers

Answer 26

replace eggs if some are removed

Question 27

polygyny

Answer 27

one male, many females
females tend to choose the dominant male
males defend individual territories and display

Question 28

polyandry

Answer 28

many males, one female

female will lay many clutches of eggs which individual males care for

Question 29

precocial

Answer 29

• Hatch covered with down
• Can run or swim as soon as they hatch
• Most can’t fly (one exception: brush turkeys of Australia)
• Fairly independent, but still fed and protected from predators for some time

Question 30

altricial

Answer 30

• Smaller eggs, less yolk (less investment) • Hatch naked
• Unable to see or walk at hatch
• Remain in the nest for 1-2 weeks or more • Must be fend constantly by parents

Question 31

reproductive traits in mammals

Answer 31

Defined mating seasons
Delayed implantation lengthens the gestation period in some mammals
Male mammals fertile at any time; Timing of female fertility is restricted by the estrous cycle

Question 32

estrous, monoestrous, polyestrous, menstruation

Answer 32

estrous - period of heat of a female mammal associated with ovulation
Monoestrous: single estrus during breeding season
Polyestrous: recurrence of estrus during breeding season

Question 33

mammalian reproductive strategies?

Answer 33

Monotremes
Marsupials
Placental Mammals

Question 34

monotremes

Answer 34

• Large, yolky eggs, leathery shell
• Earliest mammals laid eggs, and monotremes have retained this characteristic
drink milk

Question 35

Marsupials

Answer 35

• Embryos develop in mother’s uterus but do not implant
• Born at a premature stage; complete development outside of uterus
-viviparous, premature birth
-transient placenta (yolk sac placenta)
-short gestation
-lactation and parental care is long

Question 36

Placental Mammals

Answer 36

• 94% of mammals are placental
• Embryo is nourished through the placenta in the uterus
-viviparous
-prolonged gestation
-gestation period increases with size of the animal

Question 37

Mammal young can be…

Answer 37

• altricial (immature and helpless)

* precocial (mature and mobile)

Question 38

what is the structure of the placenta?

Answer 38

• Amnion surrounds embryo with amniotic
fluid (as in other animals)
• Allantois, yolk sac, and part of chorion contribute to the placenta
• Chorion surrounds entire thing and breaks as labour begins
- The placenta is a modified amniotic egg

Question 39

what reproductive strategies produce larger eggs?

Answer 39

Benthic

precocial