Reproduction And Management Of Fertility And Infertility Concept 21 And Chap 31 Flashcards
Reproduction
Process by which human beings produce a new individual. Sexual intercourse between a man and woman may result in the conception of a child.
Formation of reproductive cells
Formation of germ cells. Gametogenisis is the formation and development of germ cells, oocytes, spermatocytes. Meiosis occurs (23 chromosomes)
Oogensis
Process of egg formation begins during fetal life and is known as oogenesis. Only 400-500n ovum will mature enough to reproduce.
Spermatogensis
Germ cell to a sperm cell. Begins at puberty
Fertilization
Sperm is ejaculatedd—> travel through cervix into uterus—>Fallopian tubes—> ovum—>cortical reaction with sperm and ovum—>zygote forms
Implantation
Cavity is formed in the morula after 4 days after fertilization. Becomes a blastocysts and floats freely within the uterus for 2 days—>form trophoblast and an inner layer embryoblast—.9.5 days layer completely in endometrium
Embryonic period
Weeks 3-8 after conception
Highly sensitive period
Fetal period
Represents the final stage of development beginning on the ninth week after fertilization until birth.
Populations at risk for consequences
Adolescent population: impaired nutrition, anemia, infections, depression, social isolation, preeclampsia. Protracted labor, caphalopelvic disproportion, premature brith, and C-section.
Individual risk factors include
Biophysical factors (altered or mutated genes) Psychosocial factors (smoking, excessive caffeine intake, etc) Sociodemographic factors (low income, low prenatal care) Environmental factors (pollution, radiation, infections)
History assessment
Sexual history, contraceptive history, surgical history, alterations in pelvic support, papanicolaou history, and menstrual history
Diagnostic tests assessment first trimester
Pregnancy test CBC Blood type Rebuild titer HepB Syphilis test HIV test Urinalysis Pap test Gonorrhea and chlamydia Nuchal translucency Amniocentesis Emotional well-being
Diagnostic tests second trimester
CBC 1 hour glucose tolerance test MSAFP screening Amniocentesis Emotional well being
Diagnostic tests third trimester
Group B strep testing
Screening and diagnostic ultrasound
Emotional well-being
Analgesics (actaminophen)
Pain
Antibiotics (ampicillin, clindamycin, cefazolin, metronidazole, gentamicin, penicillin, erythromycin)
Infections
Antidepressants (sertraline, escitalopram)
Mood disorders
Antiemetic (promethazine, ondansetron)
Nausea
Folic acid
Neural tube defect prevention
Flu vaccine
Prevention of influenza
Ferrous sulfate
Transfer of iron to fetus
Laxative (docusate)
Constipation
Magnesium sulfate
Prevention of seizures
Prenatal vitamins
Support maternal nutrition
Progesterone
Support early intrauterine pregnancy
Ph2 immune globin
Prevent hemolytic disease
Tocolytics (nifedipine)
Suppress uterine contractions
Perfusion
Adequate maternal blood flow to the growing fetus
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset onset or first recognition during pregnancy due to changing maternal hormonal levels
Preeclampsia
Syndrome characterized by an increase in BP after 20 weeks of gestation accompanied by renal changes like proteinuria
Postpartum hemorrhage
When a mother loses a significant amount of blood after delivery
Shoulder dystocia
When the fetus’ anterior shoulder becomes stuck under the maternal pubic bone preventing vaginal birth
Contraceptive methods
Sterilization Intrauterine devices or intrauterine system Progestin implant Progestin injections Oral contraceptives Emergency contraception Transdermal contraceptive patch Vaginal contraceptive ring
Most popular is condoms oral contraceptives and sterilization
Conception
The joining of a mature ovum and a sperm
Contraception
Preventing pregnancy in one form or another
Fertilization
When the sperm meets the egg
Germ cell
An embryonic cell that has the potential to be a gamete
Gestation
Pregnancy
Gametogensis
Creation of the reproductive cells
meiosis
Ovulation
When the follicle can fall and be released
Cleavage
The division of all the cells
Implantation
6-10 days after ovulation
Implantation should happen at the fondus or top of the uterus (richest blood supply, thickest lining, and because It limits blood loss after delivery)
Embryo
Initial egg and cells (2-8 week)
Fetus
After the egg begins to develop (8-40 weeks)
Egg topic pregnancy
When implantation happens on day 2 and the egg matures in the Fallopian tubes. Becomes a problem and needs surgery around 12 weeks
Primary infertility
1 year of regular intercourses that is unprotected without pregnancy
Secondary infertility
Already had one kid but something is happening the second time around
Mumps, renal failure
Decrease of fertility
Oligo spermia
Abnormal sperm count
Hypospadius
Opening on the underside of the penis
Excessive alcohol intake
No sperm will make It due to change in ph
Seminal fluid
Carrier fluid. Protection of the sperm
Maintaining a pregnancy
Progesterone
Estrogen (lutinizing hormone)
Progesterone
Given in the glute once a week to maintain a pregnancy during the 26-40 weeks pregnant
Folic acid: primary prevention
Prevents neural tube defects
Invitro fertilization embryo transfer
Implant the embryo into the uterus
Gamete intafallopian transfer
Put the two sex cells into the Fallopian tubes
Zygot intrafallopian transfer
Already have the bound together
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Injecting a sperm at the base of the cervix
Reproduction interrelated concepts
Hormonal regulation Gas exchange Perfusion Sexuality Nutrition
Oral contraceptives
Smoking and birth control causes stroke
Risk of blood clots and cardiovascular disease
