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Biology > Reproduction and inheritance > Flashcards

Reproduction and inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What is fertilization

A

•the fusion of a male and female gamete
• to produce a zygote that will undergo cell division and develop into an embryo

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2
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A

• variation in offspring
• allows us to use selective breeding

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3
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

• only one parent needed
• uses less energy and is faster
• lots of identical offspring can be produced

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4
Q

Parts of male reproductive system

A

• sex gland
• sperm duct
• testis
• penis
• urethra

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5
Q

parts of a female reproductive system

A

• ovary
• oviduct
• uterus
• cervix
• vagina

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6
Q

describe sex gland

A

produces semen that contains sperm cells

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7
Q

describe sperm duct

A

sperm passes through this

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8
Q

describe testis

A

• contained in scrotum (bag of skin)
• produces sperm and testosterone

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9
Q

describe penis

A

passes urine and semen out of body

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10
Q

describe urethra (male)

A

• tube inside penis to carry urine or semen
• a ring of muscle inside stops the two from mixing

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11
Q

describe foreskin

A

protects penis

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12
Q

Describe bladder

A

stores urine until released through urethra

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13
Q

describe scrotum

A

protects testis

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14
Q

describe oviduct

A

• connects ovary to uterus
• lined with cilia (tiny hairs on cell)
• cilia moves egg through ovuduct

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15
Q

describe ovary

A

contains unfertilized female gametes

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16
Q

describe uterus

A

• muscular bag with soft lining
• where baby develops until birth
• has thick lining, so fertilized eggs can be implanted

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17
Q

describe cervix

A

• ring of muscle at the lower end of uterus
• makes sure foetus remains in place during pregnancy

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18
Q

describe vagina

A

muscular tube that lead to inside of body

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19
Q

Role of oestrogen

A

• causes thickening of uterus to prepare for implantation of an egg
• levels peak on day 10 and begin to fall

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20
Q

Role of progesterone

A

• maintains thick lining of uterus
• inhibits release of LH and FSH
• egg matures on day 14 and progesterone starts increasing after this until it reaches peak 3 days later

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21
Q

role of placenta

A

• allows diffusion of glucose, oxygen and amino acids from mothers’ blood to the developing fetus for growth
• CO² and urea from fetus are passed into the mother’s blood to be removed

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22
Q

role of amniotic fluid

A

• it is a liquid contained in a bag in the uterus that surrounds the fetus
• protects fetus and cushions any rough movement

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23
Q

secondary sexual characteristics caused by oestrogen

A

• breast development
• menstrual cycle begins
• body hair
• widening hips
• increased height

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24
Q

secondary sexual characteristics caused by testosterone

A

• growth of penis and testes
• production of sperm
• facial and body hair
• muscle development
• voice lowering and breaking

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25
Q

How are petals adapted for insect pollinated plants

A

large and bright to attract insects

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26
Q

How are nectar adapted for insect pollinated plants

A

scented with nectar to attract insects

27
Q

How are pollen grains adapted for insect pollinated plants

A

sticky and in moderate amounts

28
Q

How are anthers adapted for insect pollinated plants

A

inside flower, stiff, and attached skin that insects can brush past

29
Q

How are stigma adapted for insect pollinated plants

A

inside flower, sticky sp pollen grains stick to it when insects brush past

30
Q

How are petals adapted for wind pollinated plants

A

small and dull - usually green or brown

31
Q

How are nectar adapted for wind pollinated plants

A

no scent or nectar

32
Q

How are pollen grains adapted for wind pollinated plants

A

smooth and light so they can be easily carried in the wind and in large amounts to make sure some reach other flowers

33
Q

How are anthers adapted for wind pollinated plants

A

outside flower, loose on long filaments so that pollen can be released easily

34
Q

How are stigma adapted for wind pollinated plants

A

outside flower, feathery so it is easier to catch pollen grains drifting in the wind

35
Q

explain process of seed and fruit formation

A
  1. pollen grains land on stigma (by insect of wind pollination)
  2. pollen tube grows out of pollen grains and down the style into the ovary and then to the ovule
  3. male nucleus travels down pollen tube from pollen grains to fuse with female egg nucleus in the ovule, forming a zygote
  4. zygote undergoes mitosis to form a seed
  5. ovule will become the seed, and ovule wall will become seed coat
  6. ovary will become the fruit of the plant
36
Q

how germinating seeds utilise food reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis

A

• embryo - young root and shoot become the adult plant
• food store - starch for the plant to use until it is able to carry out photosynthesis
• seed coat - a protective covering

37
Q

Explain what happens when plants reproduce asexually naturally

A

• produces runners
○ e.g. strawberry plants
○ grow horizontally over soil surface and put down roots to form new plants

38
Q

Explain what happens when plants reproduce asexually artificially

A

• produces cuttings
○ tissue smallest scraped from parent plant and then placed in agar growth medium with nutrients and auxins
○ the sample develops into plantlets, and these are planted into compost to grow further

39
Q

Define genome

A

the entire DNA of an organism

40
Q

Define gene

A

• a short section of DNA that codes for a protein
• contributes to a characteristic

41
Q

Define allele

A

• the different forms of the gene
• give rise to differences in inherited characteristics

42
Q

what is in the nucleus of a cell

A

contains chromosomes on which genes are located

43
Q

define chromosome

A

a structure found in the nucleus, which is made up of a long strand of DNA

44
Q

define dominant allele

A

only one (out of 2 alleles) is needed for it to be expressed and for the same phenotype to be observed

45
Q

define recessive allele

A

two copies are needed for it to be expressed and the same phenotype to be observed

46
Q

define homozygous

A

when both inherited alleles are the same

47
Q

define heterozygous

A

when one of the inherited alleles is dominant and the other is recessive

48
Q

define genotype

A

the combination of alleles an individual has

49
Q

define phenotype

A

• the physical characteristics that are observed in the individual
• e.g. eye colour

50
Q

what are phenotypic features a result of

A

of polygenic (multiple genes) inheritance rather than single genes

51
Q

how is the sex of a person determined

A

determined by sex chromosomes
XX = female (one X from each parent)
XY = male (X from mother, Y from father)

52
Q

How is the sex of offspring determined at fertilization

A

• Mother always contributes an X chromosome
• Father can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome

• Fathers sperm determines the sex of offspring

53
Q

What is mitosis

A

• type of cell division, results in two genetically identical daughter cells
○ each have same number of chromosomes as original diploid cell

54
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

• cell that’s not dividing- DNA is all spread out in long strings
• if cell gets a signal to divide, it needs to duplicate its DNA
• DNA forms X shaped chromosomes
• each ‘arm’ of the chromosome is an exact duplicate of the other
• the chromosomes line up at centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart
• the 2 arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell
• membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes
• these become the nuclei of the 2 new cells
• cytoplasm divides
• achieves 2 new identical cells

55
Q

When does mitosis occur

A

• growth
• repair
• cloning
• asexual reproduction

56
Q

What is meiosis

A

• type of cell division that produces 4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes
• forms genetically different haploids

57
Q

Stages of meiosis

A
  1. cell makes copies of chromosomes, so it has double amount of genetic information
  2. cells divide into 2 cells, each with half the amount of chromosomes, giving normal amount of 46 chromosomes (diploid)
  3. each cell divides in 2 again to produce 4 cells, each with 23 chromosomes. haploids
58
Q

What does random fertilization produce

A

genetic variation

59
Q

explain genetic variation

A

• differences in the DNA of individuals within a population
• e.g. eye colour, blood type etc
• these phenotypes depend on inherent alleles from parents

60
Q

explain environmental variation

A

• caused by differences in lifestyle, diet, climate etc
• could lead to organisms to adapt

61
Q

Explain genetic and environmental variation combined

A

• can interact, such as height
• child has potential to grow tall because of genetics, bit if malnourished they will not grow as much

62
Q

Define mutations

A

rare, random change in genetic material that can be inherited

63
Q

Explain Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection

A

• individuals in a population dhow differences in traits
• organisms compete for limited resources
• individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
• beneficial triats become more common in the population
• over many generations, these changes leads to development of new species

64
Q

How does resistance to antibiotics can increase in bacterial populations and how this can lead to infections being difficult to control

A

• bacteria may randomly mutate. Some may be resistant to antibiotics
• antibiotics kill non resistant bacteria , but resistant ones survive and reproduce
• resistant bacteria become more common overtime
• resistant bacteria spread to others, increasing antibiotic resistance

Biology (5 decks)

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