Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Reproduction and inheritance > Flashcards

Reproduction and inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What is fertilization

A

•the fusion of a male and female gamete
• to produce a zygote that will undergo cell division and develop into an embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A

• variation in offspring
• allows us to use selective breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

• only one parent needed
• uses less energy and is faster
• lots of identical offspring can be produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Parts of male reproductive system

A

• sex gland
• sperm duct
• testis
• penis
• urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

parts of a female reproductive system

A

• ovary
• oviduct
• uterus
• cervix
• vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe sex gland

A

produces semen that contains sperm cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe sperm duct

A

sperm passes through this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe testis

A

• contained in scrotum (bag of skin)
• produces sperm and testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe penis

A

passes urine and semen out of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe urethra (male)

A

• tube inside penis to carry urine or semen
• a ring of muscle inside stops the two from mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe foreskin

A

protects penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe bladder

A

stores urine until released through urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe scrotum

A

protects testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe oviduct

A

• connects ovary to uterus
• lined with cilia (tiny hairs on cell)
• cilia moves egg through ovuduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe ovary

A

contains unfertilized female gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe uterus

A

• muscular bag with soft lining
• where baby develops until birth
• has thick lining, so fertilized eggs can be implanted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe cervix

A

• ring of muscle at the lower end of uterus
• makes sure foetus remains in place during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe vagina

A

muscular tube that lead to inside of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Role of oestrogen

A

• causes thickening of uterus to prepare for implantation of an egg
• levels peak on day 10 and begin to fall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Role of progesterone

A

• maintains thick lining of uterus
• inhibits release of LH and FSH
• egg matures on day 14 and progesterone starts increasing after this until it reaches peak 3 days later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

role of placenta

A

• allows diffusion of glucose, oxygen and amino acids from mothers’ blood to the developing fetus for growth
• CO² and urea from fetus are passed into the mother’s blood to be removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

role of amniotic fluid

A

• it is a liquid contained in a bag in the uterus that surrounds the fetus
• protects fetus and cushions any rough movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

secondary sexual characteristics caused by oestrogen

A

• breast development
• menstrual cycle begins
• body hair
• widening hips
• increased height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

secondary sexual characteristics caused by testosterone

A

• growth of penis and testes
• production of sperm
• facial and body hair
• muscle development
• voice lowering and breaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How are petals adapted for insect pollinated plants
large and bright to attract insects
26
How are nectar adapted for insect pollinated plants
scented with nectar to attract insects
27
How are pollen grains adapted for insect pollinated plants
sticky and in moderate amounts
28
How are anthers adapted for insect pollinated plants
inside flower, stiff, and attached skin that insects can brush past
29
How are stigma adapted for insect pollinated plants
inside flower, sticky sp pollen grains stick to it when insects brush past
30
How are petals adapted for wind pollinated plants
small and dull - usually green or brown
31
How are nectar adapted for wind pollinated plants
no scent or nectar
32
How are pollen grains adapted for wind pollinated plants
smooth and light so they can be easily carried in the wind and in large amounts to make sure some reach other flowers
33
How are anthers adapted for wind pollinated plants
outside flower, loose on long filaments so that pollen can be released easily
34
How are stigma adapted for wind pollinated plants
outside flower, feathery so it is easier to catch pollen grains drifting in the wind
35
explain process of seed and fruit formation
1. pollen grains land on stigma (by insect of wind pollination) 2. pollen tube grows out of pollen grains and down the style into the ovary and then to the ovule 3. male nucleus travels down pollen tube from pollen grains to fuse with female egg nucleus in the ovule, forming a zygote 4. zygote undergoes mitosis to form a seed 5. ovule will become the seed, and ovule wall will become seed coat 6. ovary will become the fruit of the plant
36
how germinating seeds utilise food reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis
• embryo - young root and shoot become the adult plant • food store - starch for the plant to use until it is able to carry out photosynthesis • seed coat - a protective covering
37
Explain what happens when plants reproduce asexually naturally
• produces runners ○ e.g. strawberry plants ○ grow horizontally over soil surface and put down roots to form new plants
38
Explain what happens when plants reproduce asexually artificially
• produces cuttings ○ tissue smallest scraped from parent plant and then placed in agar growth medium with nutrients and auxins ○ the sample develops into plantlets, and these are planted into compost to grow further
39
Define genome
the entire DNA of an organism
40
Define gene
• a short section of DNA that codes for a protein • contributes to a characteristic
41
Define allele
• the different forms of the gene • give rise to differences in inherited characteristics
42
what is in the nucleus of a cell
contains chromosomes on which genes are located
43
define chromosome
a structure found in the nucleus, which is made up of a long strand of DNA
44
define dominant allele
only one (out of 2 alleles) is needed for it to be expressed and for the same phenotype to be observed
45
define recessive allele
two copies are needed for it to be expressed and the same phenotype to be observed
46
define homozygous
when both inherited alleles are the same
47
define heterozygous
when one of the inherited alleles is dominant and the other is recessive
48
define genotype
the combination of alleles an individual has
49
define phenotype
• the physical characteristics that are observed in the individual • e.g. eye colour
50
what are phenotypic features a result of
of polygenic (multiple genes) inheritance rather than single genes
51
how is the sex of a person determined
determined by sex chromosomes XX = female (one X from each parent) XY = male (X from mother, Y from father)
52
How is the sex of offspring determined at fertilization
• Mother always contributes an X chromosome • Father can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome • Fathers sperm determines the sex of offspring
53
What is mitosis
• type of cell division, results in two genetically identical daughter cells ○ each have same number of chromosomes as original diploid cell
54
Stages of mitosis
• cell that's not dividing- DNA is all spread out in long strings • if cell gets a signal to divide, it needs to duplicate its DNA • DNA forms X shaped chromosomes • each 'arm' of the chromosome is an exact duplicate of the other • the chromosomes line up at centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart • the 2 arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell • membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes • these become the nuclei of the 2 new cells • cytoplasm divides • achieves 2 new identical cells
55
When does mitosis occur
• growth • repair • cloning • asexual reproduction
56
What is meiosis
• type of cell division that produces 4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes • forms genetically different haploids
57
Stages of meiosis
1. cell makes copies of chromosomes, so it has double amount of genetic information 2. cells divide into 2 cells, each with half the amount of chromosomes, giving normal amount of 46 chromosomes (diploid) 3. each cell divides in 2 again to produce 4 cells, each with 23 chromosomes. haploids
58
What does random fertilization produce
genetic variation
59
explain genetic variation
• differences in the DNA of individuals within a population • e.g. eye colour, blood type etc • these phenotypes depend on inherent alleles from parents
60
explain environmental variation
• caused by differences in lifestyle, diet, climate etc • could lead to organisms to adapt
61
Explain genetic and environmental variation combined
• can interact, such as height • child has potential to grow tall because of genetics, bit if malnourished they will not grow as much
62
Define mutations
rare, random change in genetic material that can be inherited
63
Explain Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection
• individuals in a population dhow differences in traits • organisms compete for limited resources • individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce • beneficial triats become more common in the population • over many generations, these changes leads to development of new species
64
How does resistance to antibiotics can increase in bacterial populations and how this can lead to infections being difficult to control
• bacteria may randomly mutate. Some may be resistant to antibiotics • antibiotics kill non resistant bacteria , but resistant ones survive and reproduce • resistant bacteria become more common overtime • resistant bacteria spread to others, increasing antibiotic resistance

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions