reproduction and development Flashcards
process where new individuals and species are produces and the genetic material is passed from gen to gen
reproduction
process of producing offspring where only one parent is involved
asexual reproduction
- genes are only from one parent
- genetically identical to their parent
- no production and fusion of gametes
- mitotic cell division
- cannot search for mates
- fission, budding, fragmentation, vegatative propagation
advantages of asexual reproduction
- only one parent is needed
- posseses the same characteristics as their parent
- large number of production
- rapisd colonization of habitat
disadvantages of asexual reproduction
- entire colony can be terminated
- clones will lose their vigor
- overcrowding results to nutrient storage
types of asexual reproduction
- parthenogenesis - female produce eggs (aphids)
- sporulation - formation of spores
- budding - tutubo sa katawan then magiging independent
- binary fission - divides two identical cells
- regeneration - parent body breaks, pieces can grow
- vegatative propagation - pinaparami ung halaman
creation of offspring by the fusion of egg and sperm cell to form a zygote
sexual reproduction
- produced by meiosis
- egg - stores nutrients
- sperm - small
advantages of sexual rep
- genes are from two different parents
- genetically different from the parental cell
- can adapt to new environment
disadvantages of sexual rep
- production rate is relatively low
- requires both male and female gametes
- foe less-well adapted, death rate is high
- fertilization that happens outside the body
- inside the body
external fertilization
internal ferti
advantages of external ferti
- little energy finding mate
- large no of offspring
- many eggs are fertilized
disadvntg of external ferti
- embryo is unprotected
- restricted to wet environment
adv of internal ferti
survival rate is high
- embryo is protected
disad of internal ferti
- few zygote
- more energy is required to find a mate
oviparous
ovoviviparous
viviparous
ovi - egg laying (aphids, fish, crocodile, amphibians, chicken, birds, snake, shark)
ovovivi - eggs are retained, embryo is kept in the body, when mature it will be hatched and layed (water snakes, pit vipers, isects)
vivi - develop within the mothers body (mammals, humans, cartilaginous fish, reptiles, aphids)
male reproductive system
- located outside the body
- epididymis - stores sperm
- vas deferens - transport
- seminal vesicle - nourish
- prostate gland and bulborethral gland - lubricant
- urethra - daanan ng urine at sperm
- penis - organ
female repro system
- inside body
- vagina - lower part of uterus, birth canal
- uterus - channel that allows sperm to enter, where baby is developed
- ovaries - produces egss and hormones
- fallopian tube - tunnel for egg
process of sperm reproductions
spermatogenesis (4 sperms)
process of egg repro, maturation of female gametes
oogenesis (1 egg)
early series of miotic division. zygote to multicellular embryo
cleavage
- ovulation
- fertilization
- cleavage
- morula (solid ball in uterus)
- early blastocycst (fluid forms in center of morula)
- implantation
discharge of hydraulic enzyme
acrosomal reaction
ovarian cycle
follicular phase - one dominant follicle grows (13-14 dys)
ovulatory phase - dominant follicle rubtures (16-32 hrs)
luteal phase - after ovulation (14 dys)
sperm needs this to fertilize an egg
capaciation
- sperm is motile in seminal fluid
- when inside the femare repro for several hours
forms 3 pripary germ layaers (ecto, endo, mesoderm)
gastrulation
fetal growth and development
firs tri - undergoes cleavage and forms embryo, placental develops
- takes shape and limbs form
- nervous system
- shws reflexes
second tri - bones enlarge, kicking, hair, increase size and weight
third tri - organ maturation, brain, neurons, neurological development
