immunity and nutrition

Question 1

innate mechanism

Answer 1

• acts againts any type of antigen
• non-specific
• skin as barrier to foreign substances

Question 2

adaptive mechanism

Answer 2

• consists of the humoral immune response and cell-mediated immune response
• specific type of antigen
• pag tinurukan

Question 3

a type of white blood cell that identifies foreign substances

Answer 3

lymphocyte

Question 3

ability of an organism to resist illness caused by pathogens or foreign substances

Answer 3

immunity

Question 4

this is created by the lymphocyte that destroys foreign substances

Answer 4

antibodies

Question 5

foreign substances triggers an immune response called

Answer 5

antigens

Question 6

antibodies are proteins called

Answer 6

immunoglobulins

Question 7

2 types of lymphocytes

Answer 7

B cell - responsible for immune response which antibodies are produced
T cell - immune response but does not involve antibody production
- cytotoxic (killer) T cell - destroys infected cell
- helper T cell - produces chemicals to create more lymphocytes
- suppressor T cell - regulates immune response

Question 8

act as an antigen receptors

Answer 8

IgD
- mature B cell/nagrerespond

Question 8

protects the mucosal surfaces of the body from infections

Answer 8

IgA
- saliva

Question 9

also known as gamma globulin. during pregnancy this enters the placenta and helps to protect the fetus

Answer 9

IgG
- fetus, 1st immune system

Question 9

anti-parasite/allergy

Answer 9

IgE
- allergy

Question 10

responding to a specific antigen for the 1st time

Answer 10

IgM
- immunity

Question 10

immune response

Answer 10

• macrophage
• infescted cell
• memory t cell + helper t cell
• mitosis
• killer t cell
• kills infected cell

Question 11

humoral immune response

Answer 11

• production of antibodies by B cells

Question 12

cell mediated immune response

Answer 12

• immune response by T cell, no antibody production

Question 13

mostly produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages

Answer 13

interleukins
- IL 1 - released by macrophage to activate helper T cell to secrete IL2
- IL 2 - released by helper T cell, grownth and differentiation of T cell
- IL 3 - released by T cell, stimulates bone marrow to differentiate into types of blood

Question 13

ability of lymphocyte ti differentiate foreign substances is because of a group of protein called

Answer 13

major histocompatability complex (MHC)

Question 14

blood group

Answer 14

Type -agglutinogen, antibody in plasma, donor
A - antigen a, agglutinin anti B, A or O
B- antigen B, anti a, B or O
AB - antigen A and B, no agglu, univ recipient
O - no antigen, agglu A and B, universal donor

Question 15

defined as the entire process of an organism furnishing itself or being furnished with the essential materials needed for energy production, growth and reproduction, secretion storage and for the maintenance of the osmotic conditions and pH within its body.

Answer 15

nutrition

Question 16

can make its own food
organic compounds are synthesized (manufactured) from raw inorganic materials by the organism

Answer 16

autotrophic nutrition

Question 17

2 methods of autotrophic nutritions

Answer 17

chemosynthesis - occurs in darkness, synthesizing organic compunds from carbon dioxide and water
- ex; iron bacteria (Thiobacillus ferrooxidants) and nitrifying bacteria

photosynthesis - needs sunlight

Question 18

where organisms cant synthesize organic compounds but obtain from resources

Answer 18

heterotrophic nutrition
- holozoic nutrition
- saprophytic nutrition (mushroom)
- parasitic nutrition (parasite)

Question 18

holozoic nutrition

Answer 18

• Ingest solid food and digest them in the alimentary canal before absorbing them into the cells through a blood transport system
• herbivore - plants
• carnivore - animals
• omnivore - plantd and animals
• detritivore - decaying organic matter (earthworm)
• insectivorous - plats able to trep insects
• microphagous feeders - small particles(ameba)
• liquid feeders - liquid food (aphids)
• macrophagous feeders - large particles (mammals)

Question 19

stages of digestion

Answer 19

- Ingestion - process of taking in food - Digestion ----- Physical digestion, the solid food is cut to fine pieces by teeth and later mixed with saliva from the salivary gland to form a bolus that is moved through the digestive canal by peristalsis ----- Chemical digestion, a complex food molecules is broken into simple molecules that can be absorbed - Absorption - Assimilation - Egestion

Question 20

positive feedback

Answer 20

- occurs when a change in a factor causes he value of that factor to rise or fall even further - Receptors that are able to detect any change - A control center that defines changes - A mechanism that triggers appropriate corrective actions - Effectors that execute the corrective actions

Question 20

They act as decomposers whereby organic materials of dead organisms and their waste products are broken down

Answer 20

saprophytic nutrition

Question 21

organisms that live on and obtain their food from another living organism, which is known as the host

Answer 21

parasitic nutrition Endoparasites are parasites that live inside the host Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the surface of the host

Question 22

negative feedbacks

Answer 22

- Blood glucose level is regulated by the activities of several organs, particularly the pancreas and liver - Simple sugar (glucose) is carried from the intestine to the liver through the hepatic portal vein. In the liver, the simple sugar may be Converted to carbon dioxide and water, glycogen for storage, into fat, Released into the bloodstream - However, the liver cannot detect changes in blood glucose level.