REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS

Question 1

The body has an () which is maintained more or less constant by certain biological mechanisms.

Answer 1

internal environment

Question 2

body fluid outside of cells is called

Answer 2

extracellular fluid

Question 3

fluid within the cells are called

Answer 3

intracellular fluid

Question 4

difference between ECF and ICF

Answer 4

ICF - More protein, more potassium, less sodium, more phosphate
ECF - Protein in plasma, less K, more Na, more chloride

Question 5

process by which living organisms regulate their body’s internal water and ionic balance

Answer 5

osmoregulation

Question 6

is a measure of the amount of solute (e.g. sugar) dissolved in a solvent

Answer 6

osmolarity

Question 7

movement of water from high to low concentration across permeable membrane

Answer 7

osmosis

Question 8

hypoosmotic environment

Answer 8

swelling and bursting of organism

Question 9

isosmotic environment

Answer 9

suitable for survival

Question 10

hyperosmotic environment

Answer 10

shrinkage of organism

Question 11

Organisms that cannot adapt to
changing salinities.

Answer 11

Osmoconformers

Question 12

examples of osmoconformer

Answer 12

hagfish and invertebrates like: mollusks, jellyfish, squid, octopus

Question 13

animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

Answer 13

stenohaline

Question 14

animals that can survive large flactuations in external osmolarity

Answer 14

euryhaline

Question 15

no active adjustment of internal osmolarity
(marine animals); isoosmotic to environment

Answer 15

osmoconformer

Question 16

freshwater fishes hyperosmotic (shrink)

Answer 16

gains water; loses salt

Question 17

marine fishes hypoosmotic (burst)

Answer 17

loses water; gains water

Question 18

direct waste produced by the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds like proteins and nucleic acids

Answer 18

ammonia

Question 19

Animals that secrete ammonia as the primary nitrogenous waste material are called

Answer 19

ammonotelic animals

Question 20

primary mechanism by which mammals convert ammonia (and carbon dioxide) to urea.

Answer 20

urea cycle

Question 21

Animals that secrete urea as the primary nitrogenous waste material are called

Answer 21

ureotelic animals

Question 22

animal excretory structures

Answer 22

PROTOZOA: CELL MEMBRANE (DIFFUSION) CONTRACTILE VACUOLE (EXCESS WATER)

FLATWORM(PLANARIA): FLAME CELLS

EARTHWORM: METANEPHRIDIA, SKIN

GRASSHOPPER: MALPHIGIAN TUBULES, TRACHEAE

CRAYFISH: KIDNEYS, GILLS *

HUMAN: LUNGS,SKIN, LIVER, KIDNEYS

SNAKE: KIDNEYS

Question 23

the flame bulb system of a planarian

Answer 23

photonephridia

Question 24

Excretory system found in earthworms (annelids)

Answer 24

Metanephridia

Question 25

known as vasopressin

Answer 25

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - dehydration (ADH released) - overhydratuon (ADH inhibited)

Question 26

transform mechanical stimuli to electrical signals

Answer 26

mechanoreceptors - ENaC (epithelial sodium channels) - TRP (transient receptors potential channels)

Question 27

recepetors that are sensitive to temp change

Answer 27

thermoreceptors

Question 28

different zones detect different types of odors and transmit signals to the brain

Answer 28

chemoreceptors

Question 29

often organized into eyes, detect radiation in the form of visible light.

Answer 29

photoreceptors

Question 30

one of the most important sensations because it causes a negative reaction, for example, withdrawal from danger.

Answer 30

pain receptors

Question 31

Animals need to move from one place to another to find food, to remove themselves from danger, to find mates, or to find another habitat. This is called

Answer 31

animal locomotion

Question 32

Refers to flying birds, gliding (some mammals and amphibians), soaring (vultures and albatrosses).

Answer 32

aerial locomotion

Question 33

movement from tree to tree

Answer 33

arboreal locomotion

Question 34

Includes swimming, crawling and burrowing into the sea floor or floating freely.

Answer 34

aquatic locomotion

Question 35

Includes walking, running, jumping, and crawling

Answer 35

terrestrial locomotion

Question 36

concentration of solute in solution is equal in the concentration in cell

Answer 36

isotonic

Question 37

process by which metabolic waste is eliminated out of living system

Answer 37

excretion

Question 38

ligh reception in animals

Answer 38

- eye cups - compund eyes (insects) - single-lens eyes (squid like humans)