Reproduction

Question 1

Male Glands ×3

Usage

Answer 1

Cowper’s Glands
Prostate Glands
Seminal Vesicles

Secrete Seminal Fluids

Question 2

Sperm production
Site
Process

Answer 2

Seminiferous Tubule

Cells between tubules -> male hormones
Stimulate cells at wall produce sperms
Transport to epididymus

Question 3

Sperm structure

Answer 3

Head - Acrosome + Nucleus
Neck - Mitochondria
Tail - Swimming

Question 4

Ova structure

Answer 4

Jelly coat
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm - Food for embryo
Nucleus - Haploid chromosome

Question 5

Secomdary sexual characteristic

Examples

Answer 5

Male:
Beard
Voice deepens
Larynx enlarged
Shoulder broaden

Female
More fat under skin
Breast develop
Hip develop

Question 6

Ovulation process

Answer 6

Follicles developed
Follicle moves to surface and Burst
Ovulation occurs
Follicle -> yellow body
Yellow body degenerates when no fertilization

Question 7

Menstrual Cycle process

Answer 7

1-5 Uterine lining break down -> Menstruation
5-14 Follicle develops. Uterine lining thicken
14 Ovulation
14-28 Uterine lining continues to thicken

Question 8

Copulation

Answer 8

Penis erectile tissues fills with blood -> erect
Inserts to vagina
Muscles of epididymus, vas deferens contracts
Ejects semen in Vagina

Question 9

Before fertilization
Sperm route
How do most sperms die

Answer 9

Through cervix, uterus, oviduct
Peristalsis uterus, oviducts

Trapped in mucus, acidity
Temp too high
Defective

Question 10

Fertilization

Answer 10

Sperms meets ovum in oviduct
Enzymes from acrosome digest jelly coat
Sperm's head enter cytoplasm
Ovum becomes impermeable
Nucleus fuses
Zygote forms

Question 11

Implantation

Answer 11

Zygote transport towards uterus by beating action of cilia, peristalsis of oviduct.
Zygote undergoes mitotic cell division -> Embryo
Embryo implants into uterine lining

Question 12

Amnion

Answer 12

Secretes amnionic fluid

Encloses embryo

Question 13

Amniotic fluid

Answer 13

Prevents dessication
Protects mechanical injury
Stable enivronment
Lubricate vagina during childbirth

Question 14

Placenta structure
Why not mix
Usage

Answer 14

Umbillical arteries ×2 -> deoxygenated blood
Umbillical vein ×1 -> oxygenated blood

High pressure from mother damaging embryo
Blood group incompatibility

Exchange of materials
Antibodies diffuses in embryo
Barrier to harful substance
Secretes hormone maintain thickness

Question 15

Placenta Adaptation

Answer 15

Embryonic villi
Thin walls of capillaries and embryonic villi
Large amount of blood vessels

Question 16

Twins
Types
How

Answer 16

Identical
One embryo to two

Fracternal
Two ova fertilized same time

Question 17

Labour

Answer 17

Dilation - Cervix dilates, Amnion breaks, acts as lubricant
Expulsion of foetus - push out
Expulsion of placenta

Question 18

Contraception

How

Answer 18

Revent ovulation - contraceptive pills, patches, injections

Prevent sperms meets ova - Rhythm method, Condom, Diaphragm
Vasectomy, Tubal ligation

Prevent implantation - intrauterine device

Question 19

Pollination
2 types
2 types

Answer 19

Self-pollination
Cross-pollinatiom - greater variety

Insect pollinated
Wind pollinated

Question 20

Insect pollination Wind pollimation

Difference ×6 fields

Answer 20

Petals:
Large, brightly coloured, Nectar guides
Reduced, green, dull coloured

Scent:
Present
Absent

Nectaries:
Present
Absent

Anthers:
Inside flowers, firmly attached
Outside flower, loosely attched

Pollen grains;
Large rough sticky spikey, less
Light dry smooth, more

Stigmas:
Inside flower, sticky
Outside, feathery and long

Question 21

Fertillization - flowering plant

Answer 21

Pollen grains lands on stigma
Sugary solution -> Gernmination of Pollen Tube
Pollen tube grows down style, digest with enzyme
To ovule, to micropyle, tip burst to release male gametes
Gametes fuses -> Zygote

Question 22

Reproduction main steps

Answer 22

Ovulation
Copulation
Fertilization
Implantation
Amnion
Placenta
Labour

Question 23

After fertilization -> flower fruit

Answer 23

Stamen, petal, sepal - withers, fall off
Ovary wall - fruit wall
Interguments - seed coat
Ovule - seed
Ovum - embryo
Style stigma remains - scar

Question 24

Fruit uses

Answer 24

Dispersion

Protection

Question 25

Dispersion ways ×4

Answer 25

Wind
Animal
Water
Explosion

Question 26

Importance of seed dispersal ×3

Answer 26

Reduce overcrowding and competition
Colonize new areas
Escape from pests

Question 27

Asexual sexual advantages disadvabtages

Answer 27

Asexual:
Retain desirable traits
Fast

No genetic variation, less adapted
Overcrowding, competition
Transmission

Sexual:
Genetic Variation - adapt
Avoid competition, overcrowding
Escape pests

Desirable trait may not pass on
Slow