Physiology

Question 1

What is Osmoregulation

Answer 1

Maintaining stable water potential of bpdy fluids

Question 2

Kidney Functions

Answer 2

Osmoregulation

Excretion

Question 3

Urine formation process

Answer 3

Ultrafiltration

Reabsorption

Question 4

Ultrafiltration

Answer 4

High pressure in afferent arteriole
Molecules forced out
Glomerular filtrate formed:
Glucose
Amino acid
Water
Salt
Urea
XXXX No Plasma Protein, too large to pass through

Note: It is Passive transport

Question 5

Reabsorption
Where
Significance

Answer 5

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Useful substance back to blood

Question 6

Adaptation for Reabsorption

Answer 6

1. One-cell thick - Diffusion distance
2. Dense capillary - Steep conc. gradient
3. Microvilli - Surface area
   4 Long and Coiled tubule - Surface area + Time
4. Mitochondria - Active Transport

Question 7

Reabsorbtion

Substance and ways

Answer 7

Glucose ~ 100% - Diffusion + Active Tranport
Amino acid ~ 100% - Diffusion + Active Transport
Salt ~ 80% - Diffusion + Active Transport
Water ~ 99% - Osmosis
Urea ~ 50% - Diffusion

Question 8

Hormomes

Drinking lots of water

Answer 8

Water potential increases
Hypothalamus detected
Pituitary glands release less ADH
Premeability of collecting tube to water decreases
Small proportion of water reabsorbed
Large volume of dilute urine

Antidiuertic Hormone

Question 9

Hormones

Sweating a lot

Answer 9

Water potential decreases
Hypothalamus detected
Pituitary glands release more ADH
Premeability of collecting tube to water imcreases
Larger proportion of water reabsorbed
Smaller volume of concentrated urine

Question 10

Excretion importance

Answer 10

Eliminate metabolic waste as they are toxic

Question 11

Dialysis machine
Who use
Feature
Diffenrence with kidney

Answer 11

Kidney failure patient
Haemodialysis by dialysis machine

Selectively permeable
Similar water potential
Similar conc. of nutrients
No metabolic waste

No Active Transport

Question 12

Homeostasis definition

Answer 12

Maintaining a stable constant internal environment

Question 13

Parameters of internal environment ×4

Answer 13

Blood glucose level
Water content
Body Temperature
Gas content

Question 14

Insulin usage

Answer 14

Stimulate liver cell - convert Excess Glucise to glycogen

Stimulate body cells - take in more glucose

Question 15

Glucagon

Answer 15

Stimulates liver cell - converts glycogen to glucose

Question 16

Blood glucose Regulation

Both cases

Answer 16

Chemoreceptors in pancreas sense change
Negative feedback

Pancreas
More insulin Less glucagon - stimulate liver cells + body cells /
Less insulin More glucagon - stimulate liver cells

Decrease by converting and using/
Increase by converting

Question 17

Produce too little or no insulin/
Body cells do not respond
Disease

Answer 17

Diabetes mellitus

Question 18

Diabetes mellitus cause

Answer 18

Pancreas produce too little or no insulin

Body cells do not respond to insulin

Question 19

Paraneters for breathing

Process

Answer 19

pH of Blood -CO2 conc
pH of Cerebrospinal Fluid -CO2 conc

Chemical receptors
Carotic ?
Aortic ?
Medulla?

More CO2 - higher Rate and Depth of Breathing

Question 20

Heart Beat Initiation

Pathway

Answer 20

Pacemaker generates electrical impulse
Atriums contracts

Atrial Ventricular Node Relays
Ventricles contracts

Question 21

When SA node generates pulse
Name
Blood Flow
Valves

Answer 21

Systole

Atria to ventricles

Tricuspid open
Bicuspid open
Semilunar closed

Question 22

When VA nose node relays
Name
Blood flow
Valves

Answer 22

Systole

Ventricles to Aorta or Pulmonary Artery

Tricuspid close
Bicuspid close
Semilunar opens

Question 23

After Contraction
Name
Blood Flow
Valves

Answer 23

Diastole

Vena Cava/ pulmonary vein to atrium

Tricuspid open
Bicuspid open
Semilunar close

Question 24

Cardiac output equation

Answer 24

Stroke Volume × Rate