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Biology > Digestive Respiratory Circulatory > Flashcards

Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Teeth

4

A

Incisor Chisel shaped Biting
Canine Pointed Tearing Flesh
Premolar Broad Top Cusps Grinding
Molar Broad Top Cusps Grinding

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2
Q

Dental Formula

A

Milk Teeth
2102

Permanent Teeth
2123

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3
Q

Teeth Structure

A

Enamel - Non living, Ca
Dentine - Bone like, largest portion, living strands of cytoplasm
Pulp Cavity - Capillaries, nerve endings
Periodontal Membrane - Hold tooth in place
Cement - attach to jawbone

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4
Q

Tooth Disease ^2

A

Tooth Decay - bacteria in plaque - Break down sugar - pH drops - dissolve enamel

Periodontal Disease - Accumulation of plaque - toxins inflammation - tar tar - tooth lost

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5
Q

Physical Digestion ^4

A

Chweing - Mastication
Churning
Peristalsis
Emulsification

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6
Q

Epiglottis swallowing

A

Tongue pushes Bulus to pharynx

Soft Palate moves up - Prevent entering nasal cavity

Epiglottis covers trachea

Bolus enters oesophagus

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7
Q

Digestive juice ^5

Starch Protein Lipids where

A

Starch Protein Lipids
Saliva Amylase
Gastric Juice Pepsin
Bile Bile Salt
Pancreatic Juice Amylase Protease Lipase
Intestinal Juice Carbohydrase Protease

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8
Q

Ileum adaptation ^7

A 
Long Canal
Highly Folded
Thin Epithelium
Large no. Capillaries + Lacteal
Numerous Villi
Numerous Microvilli on villi
Peristalsis - close contact
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9
Q 
Viili
Capillaries
Lacteal
Materials
How
Pathways
A 
Capillaries
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Minerals
Water soluble Vitamin

Diffusion
Active Transport
Osmosis for water

Small intestine
Blood Capillaries
Hepatic Portal Vein
Hepatic Vein
Vena Cava
Heart
Aorta
All body parts

Lacteal
Fatty acid glycerols combine
Lipid droplets
Lipid soluble vitamins

Diffusion

Lacteal
Lymph vessels
Main vein near neck
Vena cava
Heart
Aorta
All body parts
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10
Q

Liver function ^6

A 
Deanimation
Regulation of glucose glycogen
Glucose Fe lipid soluble vitamin -storage
Bile salt production
Production of vitamin A
Detoxification
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11
Q

Lung Structure Pathway

A 
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Air Sac
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12
Q

Cilia Mucus Capillaries Cartilages

A

Ciliated epithelial cell
Mucis secreting cell

Cilia Mucus Capillaries Cartilages
Nasal Nasal Nasal
Larynx
Trachea Trachea Trachea Trachea
Bronchus Bronchus Bronchus Bronchus
Bronchiole Bronchiole
Air Sac

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13
Q

Inhalation/Exhalation

A 
Intercostal Muscles  Contract/Relax
Diaphragm Muscles  Flattened/Recoil
Volume of Thoracic Cavity Increase/Decrease
Volume of Lungs Increase/Decrease
Pressure in Lungs   Lower/Higher
Air rush In/Out
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14
Q

Air Sac Gas Exchange uptake and removal

A

Inhaled air to Air Sac
Dissolves in water film
O2 conc water flim > Blood
Diffusion

CO2 conc in blood > Water film
Diffusion to water film to air
Removed in exhalation

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15
Q

Air Sac Adaptation ^5

A 
Large Number
Thin Epitheliun
Large No of Capillaries
Moist surface
Close to Capillaries
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16
Q

Red Blood Cells Adaptation Oxygen Uptake

A

Biconcave - large surface area:volume ratio
- short distant for O2 to leave
No Nucleus when Mature
Fully Packed with Haemoglobin

17
Q

Uptake Release of O2

A

O2 diffuses in red blood cell
Combines with Haemoglobin
Oxyhaemoglobin - Bright red

Conc of O2 Blood > body cells
Oxyhaemoglobin breaks down
O2 diffuses into cell
Purplish red

18
Q 
What is
Tidal volume
Vital capacity
Residue Volume
Total lung capacity
A

Normal breathing
Largest volume breathed
Cannot breathe out
All

19
Q

Smoking
Chemicals
How is it harmful

A

Tar Deposit in air sac. Surface area
Nicotine Addivtive
CO Poisonous lower O2 content

20
Q

Blood Composition
Serum
Plasma
Blood

A

Serum - H2O CO2 Nutrients Urea Hormones Antibodies

Plasma - Serum + Fibrinogen

Blood - Plasma + Blood Cells

21
Q

Plasma pH

A

Slightly alkaline

22
Q 
Red Blood Cells
Adaptation on respiration
Function
Formation
Destruction
Disease
A

Anaerobic Respiration - no mitochondria
- do not use up O2

Function - hold oxygen

Formation
Red Bone Marrow in Long Bones and ribs sternum backbone

Destruction
Liver and spleen
Iron reused
Bile pigment to bile

Disease
Anaemia

23
Q 
White Blood Cells
Types
Structure
Function
Formation
Destruction
Disease
A

Phagocytes Lymphocytes

Lobed nucleus Large and round
Nucleus

Squeeze through Produce Antibodies
cap walls Destroy pathogens
Engulf Digest patho Neutralize poison

Form in bone marrow and spleen
Kill by germs

Leukaemia

24
Q 
Blood Platelets
Structure
Function
Formtation
Destruction
A

Small piece of cell fragments
No nucleus

Blood Clotting - prevent excess loss of blood
- prevent entry of germs

Bone marrow -> Liver Spleen

25
Q

Function of Blood ^3

A

Tranport of Blood
Protection against Infection
Regulation of Heat Water Hormones

26
Q

What happens when different blood gp combines

A

Antibodies antigens combines
Agglutination
Form clumps
Block vessels

27
Q

Blood vessels pathway

A 
Aorta
Artery
Arteriole
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena Cava
28
Q

Artery
Structure + Usage ^3
Characteristic ^5

A

Small lumen ) Lining ) Muscle layer ) Fibrous Tissue

Thick wall - withstand High Presure
Muscle - contract relax - Change Size of lumen
Elastic tissue - Distend Recoil - Continuous blood flow

Away from heart
Deep Inside Body
High BP
Mostly oxygenated
Driving force - pumping of heart
29
Q

Veins
Structure
Valves usage
Characteristic ^5

A

Large lumen ) Thin layer of Muscles ) Fibrous tissue

Valves - prevent backflow of blood

Towards heart
Close to body surface
Low BP
Mostly deoxy
Driving force - skeletak muscle contractions
- squeeze on veins
-forces blood to heart
Lower bp than vena cava
30
Q

Capillaries

Features ^4

A 
Low bp - small diameter - high resistance
One cell think wall
Numerous branches - area
Large total cross sectional area 
- low rate of blood flow
- more time for exchange of material
31
Q

Capillary venule

Which higher Bp

A

Capillary

Long travelling distance for veins

32
Q

Blood in heart pathway

A

Vena cava (anterior posterior)

Right atrium
- Tricuspid valve

Right VentricLE
- Semilunar valves

Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Veins

Left Atrium
- Bicuspid Valve

Aorta

33
Q

Adaptative feature of heart ^4

A

Continuous contractions without fatigue

Thick ventricle - sufficient force to drive blood for long D

Valves - prevent backflow of blood

Heart tendons - Prevent Valves Turning InSide OuT

34
Q

Tissue fluid Formation

A

Arieriole end
- Pressure of blood in capi > in tissue fluid

Forces plasma out except plasma protein out of cap wall

Venule end
- Water potential of blood < Tissue fluid
Due to plasma protein in blood

Osmosis - Water drawn in capi

Small amount of fluids drain into lymph vessels

Red blood cell, platelet, plasma protein cant pass through
White blood cell can squeeze through

35
Q

Tissue fluid significance ^2

A

Constant enviro for body cell

Link for exchange if materials

36
Q

Lymph ^1
Lymph vessels ^2
Lymph nodes ^3
Features

A

Same content as tissue fluid

Valves
Skeletal muscles contraction for moving

Contains phagocyte
Produce lymphocyte
Accumulate - enlarge when infected

37
Q

Functions ^5

A 
Returns excess tissue fluid to bloodstream
Filter out germs
Transport lipid
Produce lymphocyte
Remove metabolic waste

Biology (11 decks)

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