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Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

testes

A

organs that produce sperm and sex hormones

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2
Q

scrotum

A

pouch of skin containing testes. It hangs outside the body to keep the sperm cooler than normal body temperature.

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3
Q

vas deferens

A

The tube through which sperm cells travel from the testes to the penis

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4
Q

prostate gland

A

Secretes some of the liquid that is added to sperm cells to form semen. The fluid secreted by the prostate gland is alkaline and contains many chemicals including enzymes. It plays an important role in keeping sperm cells alive once they enter the female reproductive system.

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5
Q

seminal vesicle

A

Also contributes some of the liquid that makes up semen. The fluid produced by the seminal vesicle contains proteins, enzymes, sugar, vitamin C and other substances. The sugar provides a source of energy for sperm cells.

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6
Q

urethra

A

The tube inside the penis through which semen leaves the male’s body

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7
Q

penis

A

The penis swells during sexual arousal. Semen containing sperm cells is ejaculated (released) from the penis into the vagina.

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8
Q

follicles

A

sacs containing egg cells

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9
Q

fallopian tubes

A

tiny tubes joining the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilisation occurs in one of these tubes

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10
Q

fertilisation

A

penetration of the ovum by a sperm

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11
Q

puberty

A

life stage when the sex glands become active and bodily changes occur to enable reproduction

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12
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances produced by glands and circulated in the blood. Hormones have specific effects in the body.

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13
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period

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14
Q

menstrual cycle

A

beginning of one period to the beginning of the next period

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15
Q

sexual reproduction

A

joining together of male and female reproductive cells

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16
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells (sperm or ova) containing half the genetic information of normal cells

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17
Q

sperm

A

male reproductive cell. It consists of a head, a middle section and a tail used to swim towards the egg.

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18
Q

ova

A

female gametes or sex cells. Singular = ovum.

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19
Q

zygote

A

cell formed by the fusion of two gametes; fertilised ovum before it starts to divide into more cells

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20
Q

internal fertillisation

A

reproduction where the egg remains in the female and is fertilised by sperm inserted into the female

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21
Q

copulation

A

the act of inserting sperm into the female; also called sexual intercourse or mating

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22
Q

sexual intercoarse

A

act of inserting sperm into the female; also called copulation or mating

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23
Q

epigenics

A

a new branch of science that involves studying the effect of our experiences on the expression of our genetic information

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24
Q

nuclear DNA

A

genetic material passed on from both parents, from the nucleus of both the sperm and the ovum

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25
Q

mtDNA

A

genetic material from the mitochondria, passed on only from the mother

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26
Q

ejaculation

A

release of sperm

27
Q

semen

A

combination of fluid and sperm

28
Q

fraternal twins

A

twins developed from different fertilised eggs

29
Q

embryo

A

group of cells formed from the zygote and developing into different body organs

30
Q

implantation

A

the process whereby the embryo becomes embedded in the wall of the uterus

31
Q

fetus

A

the unborn young of an animal that has developed a distinct head, arms and legs

32
Q

placenta

A

an organ formed in the mother’s womb through which the baby receives food and oxygen from the mother’s blood and the baby’s wastes are removed

33
Q

gestation period

A

time spent by offspring developing in the uterus

34
Q

premature

A

describes a baby born less than 37 weeks after conception

35
Q

child birth

A

childbirth

36
Q

breech

A

describes a birth in which the baby is born feet first

37
Q

caeserean

A

operation to remove a baby by cutting the mother’s abdomen

38
Q

oxytocin

A

a hormone

39
Q

conception

A

embedding of a fertilised egg in the uterus wall

40
Q

contraception

A

prevention of fertilisation of an egg or prevention of a fertilised egg becoming embedded in the uterus wall

41
Q

contraceptives

A

devices or substances that prevent fertilisation of an egg or prevent a fertilised egg becoming embedded in the uterus wall

42
Q

transdermal pathes

A

skin applications containing hormones that are absorbed through the skin

43
Q

vaginal pills

A

soluble capsules containing spermicides that are placed in the vagina to prevent conception

44
Q

filshie clip

A

type of fallopian tube clamp

45
Q

testosterone

A

hormone injections that reduce sperm production

46
Q

anti-fertility vaccines

A

injections to control sperm and testosterone levels

47
Q

sperm duct plug

A

injection of a liquid plastic to block the sperm duct

48
Q

chemical sterilisation

A

oral medication that results in male infertility

49
Q

gossypol

A

a non-hormonal substance that occurs naturally in unrefined cottonseed oil. When taken orally, it reduces sperm count.

50
Q

infertility

A

the inability to have children

51
Q

sterile

A

describes a person unable to produce reproductive cells

52
Q

donor eggs

A

ova from another woman

53
Q

test tube babies

A

babies resulting from fertilisation of eggs by sperm in the laboratory

54
Q

surrogacy

A

pregnancy that occurs when the fertilised egg is placed in the uterus of another woman who did not produce the egg

55
Q

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

A

a procedure to diagnose and exclude genetic abnormalities in embryos before implantation into the mother’s body

56
Q

ultrasound

A

sound with frequencies too high for humans to hear

57
Q

amneocentesis

A

removal and testing of fluid from the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus

58
Q

corionis villus samling

A

removal and testing of fluid from the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus

59
Q

flowers

A

the reproductive part of angiosperms containing petals, stamens and carpels. They are often colourful to attract pollinating insects.

60
Q

petals

A

the coloured parts of a flower that attract insects

61
Q

nectaries

A

parts of a flower, at the base of the petals, that secrete nectar

62
Q

pollen

A

fine powder containing the pollen grains (the male sex cells of a plant)

63
Q

stigma

A

the female part of a flower, at the top of the carpel, that catches the pollen during pollination

science (12 decks)

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