Reproduction

Question 1

what does reproduction do?

Answer 1

assures maintenance of a species

is an energy-demanding physiological process

Question 2

primary reproductive organs

Answer 2

ovaries and testes

have endocrine and reproductive functions

Question 3

secondary reproductive organs

Answer 3

reproductive ducts and glands (e.g. uterus, fallopian tubes)

Question 4

secondary sex structures and characteristics

Answer 4

involved in sexual attraction, NOT reproduction
facial and pubic hair 
voice 
mammary glands 
plummage (birds)
body color (reptiles)

Question 5

what are the functional units of testes?

Answer 5

seminiferous tubules

Question 6

what performs reproductive function in males?

Answer 6

spermatogonial cells

Question 7

what are the endocrine cells in testes?

Answer 7

leydig cells (produce androgens)
sertoli cells (produce inhibin)

Question 8

what is the role of the basal lamina of testes?

Answer 8

forms blood/testis barrier

Question 9

epididymis

Answer 9

stores sperm and facilitates their functional maturation
adjusts the composition of tubular fluid
recycling center for damaged sperm
lined with pseudo-stratified columnar epithelial cells

Question 10

seminal vesicles

Answer 10

make 60% of semen
alkaline
contains fructose and prostaglandins
capacitation (functional maturation of sperm)

Question 11

where does final maturation of sperm occur?

Answer 11

in the female reproductive tract

Question 12

prostate

Answer 12

contains a slightly acidic solution that contributes to 20-30% of semen’s volume

Question 13

what are reproductive hormones responsible for?

Answer 13

development (brain differentiation)
sexual maturation
gametogenesis
mating

Question 14

GnRH

Answer 14

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

hypothamalic hormone that regulates FSH and LH release in the anterior pituitary

Question 15

gonadotropins

Answer 15

protein hormones produced by the anterior pituitary
controls steroid hormone synthesis in vertebrate glands
types: FSH, LH, chorionic gonadotropin (CG; is NOT produced in the pituitary)

Question 16

gonadal steroid hormones

Answer 16

derived from cholesterol
regulate physiology via gene expression (binds to a nuclear hormone receptor in the target cell)
families: androgens and estrogens

Question 17

what hormone is required for the action of Sertoli cells?

Answer 17

testosterone

Question 18

spermatogenesis

Answer 18

the formation of a sperm cell from a germ cell

creates four sperm cells for every spermatogonium

Question 19

spermiogenesis

Answer 19

the FINAL step of spermatogenesis (a spermatid develops into sperm)

Question 20

anatomy of a sperm cell

Answer 20

head (contains the nucleus with densely packed chromosomes; acrosome cap [has enzymes essential for egg penetration])
middle piece (contains the centrioles and mitochondria)
tail (has flagellum for movement)

Question 21

follicle

Answer 21

functional unit of the ovary
where ovum develop
its cells produce estrogens, progesterone, and inhibin
human females are only born with a few hundred

Question 22

ovarian cycle

Answer 22

development of an immature follicle into a mature one that releases a mature egg capable of fertilization

Question 23

stages of the reproductive cycle

Answer 23

estrous cycle

menstrual cycle

Question 24

estrous cycle

Answer 24

approx. 1 week long ‘sexual receptivity coincides with specific phase of the cycle
minimal-moderate amount of uterine tissue is lost

Question 25

menstrual cycle

Answer 25

approx. 1 month long in humans
sexual receptivity is not limited to a specific phase
a substantial amount of uterine tissue is lost

Question 26

what are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 26

follicular phase

luteal phase

Question 27

follicular phase

Answer 27

follicular growth
follicle maturation
increasing levels of GnRH, FSH, and estrogen

Question 28

luteal phase

Answer 28

follicle transforms into the corpus luteum

progesterone is the dominant hormone

Question 29

what signals the end of the follicular phase and the beginning of the luteal phase?

Answer 29

ovulation!

Question 30

estrogen

Answer 30

stimulates bone and muscle growth
maintains female secondary sex characteristics
affects CNS activity
maintains accessory reproductive glands and organs
initiates repair and growth of the uterine endometrium

Question 31

progesterone

Answer 31

the precursor for ALL steroid hormones
promotes elaboration of blood supply to functional zone
stimulates secretion of endometrial glands
maintains endometrium
growth of the maternal part of the placenta
uterus enlargement
ceases ovarian and menstrual cycle during pregnancy

Question 32

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Answer 32

maintains the corpus luteum

what pregnancy tests detect in urine

Question 33

contraceptive methods

Answer 33

abstinence 
rhythm method (know when you're ovulating)
tubal ligation 
vasectomy 
IUCD
birth control