Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what does reproduction do?

A

assures maintenance of a species

is an energy-demanding physiological process

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2
Q

primary reproductive organs

A

ovaries and testes

have endocrine and reproductive functions

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3
Q

secondary reproductive organs

A

reproductive ducts and glands (e.g. uterus, fallopian tubes)

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4
Q

secondary sex structures and characteristics

A
involved in sexual attraction, NOT reproduction
facial and pubic hair 
voice 
mammary glands 
plummage (birds)
body color (reptiles)
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5
Q

what are the functional units of testes?

A

seminiferous tubules

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6
Q

what performs reproductive function in males?

A

spermatogonial cells

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7
Q

what are the endocrine cells in testes?

A
leydig cells (produce androgens)
sertoli cells (produce inhibin)
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8
Q

what is the role of the basal lamina of testes?

A

forms blood/testis barrier

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9
Q

epididymis

A

stores sperm and facilitates their functional maturation
adjusts the composition of tubular fluid
recycling center for damaged sperm
lined with pseudo-stratified columnar epithelial cells

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10
Q

seminal vesicles

A

make 60% of semen
alkaline
contains fructose and prostaglandins
capacitation (functional maturation of sperm)

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11
Q

where does final maturation of sperm occur?

A

in the female reproductive tract

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12
Q

prostate

A

contains a slightly acidic solution that contributes to 20-30% of semen’s volume

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13
Q

what are reproductive hormones responsible for?

A

development (brain differentiation)
sexual maturation
gametogenesis
mating

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14
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

hypothamalic hormone that regulates FSH and LH release in the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

gonadotropins

A

protein hormones produced by the anterior pituitary
controls steroid hormone synthesis in vertebrate glands
types: FSH, LH, chorionic gonadotropin (CG; is NOT produced in the pituitary)

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16
Q

gonadal steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol
regulate physiology via gene expression (binds to a nuclear hormone receptor in the target cell)
families: androgens and estrogens

17
Q

what hormone is required for the action of Sertoli cells?

A

testosterone

18
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the formation of a sperm cell from a germ cell

creates four sperm cells for every spermatogonium

19
Q

spermiogenesis

A

the FINAL step of spermatogenesis (a spermatid develops into sperm)

20
Q

anatomy of a sperm cell

A

head (contains the nucleus with densely packed chromosomes; acrosome cap [has enzymes essential for egg penetration])
middle piece (contains the centrioles and mitochondria)
tail (has flagellum for movement)

21
Q

follicle

A

functional unit of the ovary
where ovum develop
its cells produce estrogens, progesterone, and inhibin
human females are only born with a few hundred

22
Q

ovarian cycle

A

development of an immature follicle into a mature one that releases a mature egg capable of fertilization

23
Q

stages of the reproductive cycle

A

estrous cycle

menstrual cycle

24
Q

estrous cycle

A

approx. 1 week long ‘sexual receptivity coincides with specific phase of the cycle
minimal-moderate amount of uterine tissue is lost

25
Q

menstrual cycle

A

approx. 1 month long in humans
sexual receptivity is not limited to a specific phase
a substantial amount of uterine tissue is lost

26
Q

what are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular phase

luteal phase

27
Q

follicular phase

A

follicular growth
follicle maturation
increasing levels of GnRH, FSH, and estrogen

28
Q

luteal phase

A

follicle transforms into the corpus luteum

progesterone is the dominant hormone

29
Q

what signals the end of the follicular phase and the beginning of the luteal phase?

A

ovulation!

30
Q

estrogen

A

stimulates bone and muscle growth
maintains female secondary sex characteristics
affects CNS activity
maintains accessory reproductive glands and organs
initiates repair and growth of the uterine endometrium

31
Q

progesterone

A

the precursor for ALL steroid hormones
promotes elaboration of blood supply to functional zone
stimulates secretion of endometrial glands
maintains endometrium
growth of the maternal part of the placenta
uterus enlargement
ceases ovarian and menstrual cycle during pregnancy

32
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

maintains the corpus luteum

what pregnancy tests detect in urine

33
Q

contraceptive methods

A
abstinence 
rhythm method (know when you're ovulating)
tubal ligation 
vasectomy 
IUCD
birth control