Circulation

Question 1

general characteristics of circulatory systems

Answer 1

1+ pumps/structures that apply force to drive fluid flow
system of tubes that the fluid can flow through
fluid that circulates through the system

Question 2

bulk flow

Answer 2

aggregated movement of molecules together

allows fluids to move through an organism’s body faster than diffusion

Question 3

what controls bulk flow of blood?

Answer 3

tubes, pumps, and valves

Question 4

open circulatory system

Answer 4

heart type structure which is attached to tube-like structures whose ends are open to the rest of the organism
doesn’t allow huge control over the distribution of velocity of the system

Question 5

closed circulatory system

Answer 5

heart and tubes are connected
supports relatively high pressures
evolved multiple times in animals

Question 6

what does the high pressure in closed circulatory systems allow?

Answer 6

rapid adjustments in oxygen and nutrient delivery to specific issues
ultrafiltration of blood

Question 7

artery

Answer 7

carries blood from the heart to capillary beds

Question 8

vein

Answer 8

carries blood from capillary beds back to the heart

Question 9

what is tunica externa made of?

Answer 9

collagen

Question 10

what is tunica media made of?

Answer 10

smooth muscle and elastin

Question 11

what is endothelium made from?

Answer 11

epithelial cells

Question 12

elastic artery

Answer 12

has very thick tunica external

also has tunica media,, tunica intimate, and endothelium

Question 13

muscular artery

Answer 13

has thinner tunica external, and thicker tunica media

also has tunica intima and endothelium

Question 14

arteriole

Answer 14

has only tunica media surrounding endothelium
structures allows for its key role in blood distributions
leads into capillaries

Question 15

capillary

Answer 15

specialized for transport of materials across the capillary bed
types: continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

Question 16

continuous capillary

Answer 16

most common capillary type

present in the brain, muscles, and skin

Question 17

fenestrated capillary

Answer 17

pores aid in movement of materials through the capillary beds
present in specialized organs (ex. kidneys, endocrine glands)

Question 18

sinusoidal capillary

Answer 18

rare
has large intercellular lets, which allow protein movement
only found in the liver and in bone marrow

Question 19

venule

Answer 19

only contains tunica externa and endothelium (NO MUSCLE)

Question 20

vein

Answer 20

has tunica externa, a small tunica media, tunica intima, and endothelium

Question 21

large vein

Answer 21

contain tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima, and endothelium

Question 22

Law of Bulk Flow

Answer 22

fluids flow down pressure gradient (from high pressure to low pressure)
Q = (delta)P/R
resistance opposes the flow of fluids

Question 23

what can blood transport?

Answer 23

respiratory gases 
nutrients 
waste products 
hormones 
antibodies 
salts/ions

Question 24

Ohm’s Law

Answer 24

I = V/R

Question 25

equation for blood velocity

Answer 25

blood velocity = Q/A

Question 26

where is blood velocity the lowest and cross sectional area the highest?

Answer 26

at the capillary beds

Question 27

right atrium

Answer 27

receives blood from the body via the vena cava

Question 28

superior vena cava

Answer 28

collects blood from the upper body

Question 29

inferior vena cava

Answer 29

collects blood from the lower body

Question 30

right AV valve

Answer 30

separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

aka the tricuspid valve

Question 31

chordate tendineae

Answer 31

connects AV valves to the papillary muscles of the heart

Question 32

semolina valve

Answer 32

separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery

Question 33

pulmonary artery

Answer 33

transports blood to the lungs

Question 34

left atrium

Answer 34

receives blood from the lungs

Question 35

pulmonary veins

Answer 35

carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Question 36

mitral valve

Answer 36

separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

aka the bicuspid valve

Question 37

aorta

Answer 37

major artery of the heart

branches blood supply throughout the body

Question 38

aortic semilunar valve

Answer 38

separates the aorta from the left ventricle

Question 39

myocardium

Answer 39

makes up the muscle wall of the heart
is much thicker on the left side of the heart
thick in ventricles, thin in atria
is compact in mammals
supplied with its own circulation system via coronary arteries

Question 40

endocardium

Answer 40

lining inside the heart

Question 41

epicardium and parietal pericardium

Answer 41

two layers of pericardium

are separated by a fluid filled sac

Question 42

diastole

Answer 42

relaxation of heart muscle
negative pressure
blood flows into heart

Question 43

systole

Answer 43

contraction of heart muscle
positive pressure
blood flows out of the heart

Question 44

SA node

Answer 44

has special characteristics that allow it to fire action potentials intrinsically
is the pacemaker of the heart

Question 45

EKG

Answer 45

detects the integrated electrical activity of the whole heart

Question 46

parts of an EKG

Answer 46

P-wave: atrial polarization
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization, atrial depolarization
T-wave: ventricular depolarization

Question 47

what circulatory structure has the highest blood pressure? which structure has the lowest?

Answer 47

the left ventricle has the highest blood pressure; veins have the lowest

Question 48

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Answer 48

average blood pressure in the arteries across the cardiac cycle

Question 49

baroreceptors

Answer 49

monitor blood pressure and signal to the cardiovascular control center of the medulla

Question 50

what controls local flow of blood?

Answer 50

the diameter of arterioles