Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

general characteristics of circulatory systems

A

1+ pumps/structures that apply force to drive fluid flow
system of tubes that the fluid can flow through
fluid that circulates through the system

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2
Q

bulk flow

A

aggregated movement of molecules together

allows fluids to move through an organism’s body faster than diffusion

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3
Q

what controls bulk flow of blood?

A

tubes, pumps, and valves

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4
Q

open circulatory system

A

heart type structure which is attached to tube-like structures whose ends are open to the rest of the organism
doesn’t allow huge control over the distribution of velocity of the system

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5
Q

closed circulatory system

A

heart and tubes are connected
supports relatively high pressures
evolved multiple times in animals

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6
Q

what does the high pressure in closed circulatory systems allow?

A

rapid adjustments in oxygen and nutrient delivery to specific issues
ultrafiltration of blood

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7
Q

artery

A

carries blood from the heart to capillary beds

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8
Q

vein

A

carries blood from capillary beds back to the heart

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9
Q

what is tunica externa made of?

A

collagen

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10
Q

what is tunica media made of?

A

smooth muscle and elastin

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11
Q

what is endothelium made from?

A

epithelial cells

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12
Q

elastic artery

A

has very thick tunica external

also has tunica media,, tunica intimate, and endothelium

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13
Q

muscular artery

A

has thinner tunica external, and thicker tunica media

also has tunica intima and endothelium

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14
Q

arteriole

A

has only tunica media surrounding endothelium
structures allows for its key role in blood distributions
leads into capillaries

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15
Q

capillary

A

specialized for transport of materials across the capillary bed
types: continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

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16
Q

continuous capillary

A

most common capillary type

present in the brain, muscles, and skin

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17
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

pores aid in movement of materials through the capillary beds
present in specialized organs (ex. kidneys, endocrine glands)

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18
Q

sinusoidal capillary

A

rare
has large intercellular lets, which allow protein movement
only found in the liver and in bone marrow

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19
Q

venule

A

only contains tunica externa and endothelium (NO MUSCLE)

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20
Q

vein

A

has tunica externa, a small tunica media, tunica intima, and endothelium

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21
Q

large vein

A

contain tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima, and endothelium

22
Q

Law of Bulk Flow

A

fluids flow down pressure gradient (from high pressure to low pressure)
Q = (delta)P/R
resistance opposes the flow of fluids

23
Q

what can blood transport?

A
respiratory gases 
nutrients 
waste products 
hormones 
antibodies 
salts/ions
24
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

I = V/R

25
Q

equation for blood velocity

A

blood velocity = Q/A

26
Q

where is blood velocity the lowest and cross sectional area the highest?

A

at the capillary beds

27
Q

right atrium

A

receives blood from the body via the vena cava

28
Q

superior vena cava

A

collects blood from the upper body

29
Q

inferior vena cava

A

collects blood from the lower body

30
Q

right AV valve

A

separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

aka the tricuspid valve

31
Q

chordate tendineae

A

connects AV valves to the papillary muscles of the heart

32
Q

semolina valve

A

separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery

33
Q

pulmonary artery

A

transports blood to the lungs

34
Q

left atrium

A

receives blood from the lungs

35
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium

36
Q

mitral valve

A

separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

aka the bicuspid valve

37
Q

aorta

A

major artery of the heart

branches blood supply throughout the body

38
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

separates the aorta from the left ventricle

39
Q

myocardium

A

makes up the muscle wall of the heart
is much thicker on the left side of the heart
thick in ventricles, thin in atria
is compact in mammals
supplied with its own circulation system via coronary arteries

40
Q

endocardium

A

lining inside the heart

41
Q

epicardium and parietal pericardium

A

two layers of pericardium

are separated by a fluid filled sac

42
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of heart muscle
negative pressure
blood flows into heart

43
Q

systole

A

contraction of heart muscle
positive pressure
blood flows out of the heart

44
Q

SA node

A

has special characteristics that allow it to fire action potentials intrinsically
is the pacemaker of the heart

45
Q

EKG

A

detects the integrated electrical activity of the whole heart

46
Q

parts of an EKG

A

P-wave: atrial polarization
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization, atrial depolarization
T-wave: ventricular depolarization

47
Q

what circulatory structure has the highest blood pressure? which structure has the lowest?

A

the left ventricle has the highest blood pressure; veins have the lowest

48
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average blood pressure in the arteries across the cardiac cycle

49
Q

baroreceptors

A

monitor blood pressure and signal to the cardiovascular control center of the medulla

50
Q

what controls local flow of blood?

A

the diameter of arterioles