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Animal Science 101 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

house developing embryo/fetus during pregnancy

A

uterus

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2
Q

house the oocytes; suspended in the anterior portion of the reproductive tract

A

ovaries

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3
Q

A female is born with a pool of immature __________ already contained in follicles on the ovaries.

A

oocytes

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4
Q

During each estrous cycle, a small portion of the follicles responds to hormones released from the brain and begins to remodel the ovary and grow. These follicles eventually burst and the oocyte, the fluid surrounding the ovum within the follicle and other cells, are released into the oviduct.

A

ovulation

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5
Q

Once ovulated, the follicle area fills with a blood clot to “recover” from ovulation, creating this structure.

A

Corpus Hemmorhagicum (CH)

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6
Q

Does not secrete hormones and restricts itself into the Corpus Luteum (CL)

A

CH

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7
Q

progesterone production, which will maintain pregnancy or regress due to a lack of viable embryo in the uterus or parturition

A

Corpus Luteum (CL)

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8
Q

scar tissue developed after the regression of a CL

A

Corpus Albicans (CA)

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9
Q

suspended in the abdominal cavity and consists of the uterine body and two horns

A

Uterus

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10
Q

True or False: in many pregnancies, the embryo develops in the horns of the uterus, not the uterine body

A

True

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11
Q

Tubule structure at the tip of each uterine horn. Where fertilization actually occurs. Three distinct segments: the infundibulum, ampulla, and the isthmus.

A

oviduct

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12
Q

funnel-shaped terminal end of the oviduct

A

infundibulum

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13
Q

narrow portion of the oviduct that attaches to the uterine horn

A

isthmus

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14
Q

Specific site of fertilization

A

ampullary-isthmic junction of the oviduct

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15
Q

cartilaginous structure between the uterine body and the vagina; filled with a mucous plug to assist in blocking bacteria, debris and other contaminants out of the uterus

A

cervix

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16
Q

copulatory organ; connects external genitalia with the cervix

A

vagina

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17
Q

the series of intricately connected events that control the development and release of the oocyte from the ovary, leading to estrus and possible fertilization

A

estrous cycle

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18
Q

age, health ,body condition, breed, genetics, management

A

reproduction factors

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19
Q

released from the hypothalamus, acts on pituitary to release both follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinzing hormone (LH)

A

Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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20
Q

acts on the ovary to remodel and grow receptive follicles , where follicles will produce estrogen, creating a positive feedback loop. In male is responsible for spermatogenesis

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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21
Q

causes ovulation and subsequent development of the corpus luteum (CL). In the male, it is responsible for testosterone production and maturation of spermatozoa

A

Luteinzing Hormone (LH)

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22
Q

released from the developing follicle, involved in positive feedback loop and is responsible for the maturation of the female reproductive tract as well as estrus behavior (standing heat)

A

Estrogen

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23
Q

secreted by mature follicles, reduces FSH production and slows follicular growth; negative feedback

A

Inhibin

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24
Q

secreted by the corpus luteum (CL) after ovulation, maintains pregnancy and provides negative feedback to the brain to prevent follicular development during pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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25
secreted by the non-pregnant uterus, regresses CL when no viable embryo is present
Prostaglandin
26
responsible for milk let down during lactation and uterine contractions during parturition and mating
Oxytocin
27
Where are sperm cells manufactured?
testes
28
Production of spermatozoa which occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Spermatogenesis
29
Spermatozoa are transported into the rete testis and then out of the testes via the
epididymis
30
Where is testosterone produced?
testes
31
responsible for testosterone production
Leydid cells, under the control of LH
32
Spermatozoa are stored in the ______________ until ejaculation. Further maturation of sperm takes place here.
epididymis (winds from the top of the testes to the bottom and back through the spermatic cord)
33
During ejaculation, spermatozoa are pushed through the epididymis back up into the body cavity and out the ________.
penis
34
located in the spermatic cord: raises and lowers the scrotum (and testes) in response to temperature
Cremaster muscle
35
convoluted to increase surface area and dissipate heat from arterial blood as it enters the testes
Testicular artery
36
located just under the skin of the scrotum: contracts and relaxes in response to temperature to control surface area of scrotal wall
Tunica dartos muscle
37
a convoluted intertwining of testicular artery and vein, allowing more surface area for counter-current heat exchange between the two, thus, cooling the arterial blood entering the testes
Pampiniform plexus
38
mating behavior
libido
39
Fertilization process
Once mating occurs, sperm cells make their way through the female’s reproductive tract and up into the oviduct, where fertilization occurs. The now two-celled embryo begins dividing and will eventually travel into the uterus and implant along the uterine wall. After implantation, a placenta is formed, and communication between embryo and dam is more established. The embryo continues to grow and develop
40
Sex is determined at
fertilization
41
oocytes always X or Y bearing?
X
42
Estrus cycle length of a cow
21
43
Estrus cycle length of a pig
21
44
Estrus cycle length of a sheep
16
45
Estrus cycle length of a horse
21
46
Male Role in Reproduction
produce ample quantities of semen (sperm cells + seminal fluids) find the receptive female who must have the desire (libido) mount and deliver semen
47
Testicles (2)
produce sperm cells to fertilize the ova produce testosterone
48
role of testosterone
masculine appearance and behavior sperm production growth
49
Epididymis
concentration of spermatazoa storage and maturation site
50
Epididymis
concentration of spermatazoa storage and maturation site
51
Scrotum
provides support for testicles temperatre regulation for sperm livability (temp maintained at 5-10 degrees F below body temp)
52
selection tool used for reproductive management - good indicator of age of puberty and overall fertility - at one year you want > 32 cm
scrotal circumference
53
Vas deferens
transportation tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
54
Urethra
large canal from urinary bladder extending the full length of the penis
55
Accessory sex glands
produce fluids that add volume and nutrients prostate, bulbourethral and seminal vesicles
56
Penis
organ of copulation erection: engorgement with blood - aids copulation - shuts off the urinary flow
57
Penis
organ of copulation erection: engorgement with blood - aids copulation - shuts off the urinary flow
58
Which species has the highest and lowest sperm concentration?
Highest: Sheep Lowest: Horse
59
Female role in reproduction
``` develop and release the egg permit mating conception develop the embryo nourish the fetus parturition lactation rebreeding ```
60
Ovaries
produce the ova (sex cells or eggs)
61
Ova
sex cells or eggs
62
Oviducts
site of fertilization | transport of eggs to the uterus
63
Uterus
site of pregnancy | responsible for expulsion of the fetus (birth)
64
Litter-bearing uterine shape belongs to which species - essentially no uterine body - embryos develop along both horns
Swine
65
Litter-bearing uterine shape belongs to which species - essentially no uterine body - embryos develop along both horns
Swine
66
Uterine body that holds embryo in one of two horns
Cattle
67
Uterine body is where the embryo develops in this species
Horse
68
Cervix
gateway between the uterus and the vagina
69
Vagina
female organ of copulation | birth canal
70
Estrus
standing heat | period when female is receptive to the male/mating occurs
71
Estrous cycle
time period extending from ovulation to ovulation/estrus to estrus
72
Ovulation
release of the egg from the ovary
73
Gestation
pregnancy
74
Parturition
giving birth
75
Follicle
fluid filled structure on the ovary contains the egg (ova) secretes estrogen
76
Corpus luteum (CL)
yellowish structure that remains on the ovary after the follicle releases the egg - secretes progesterone
77
Hormones important to both males and females
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | - luteinizing hormone (LH)
78
Hormones predominant in males
Testosterone
79
Hormones predominant in females
Estrogen Progesterone Prostaglandin Oxytocin
80
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Male: stimulates testicular cells to nourish new sperm Female: stimulates follicular growth and development, stimulates follicle to produce estrogen
81
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Male: stimulates testicular cells to nourish new sperm Female: stimulates follicular growth and development, stimulates follicle to produce estrogen
82
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Male: stimulates testicles to produce testosterone Female: ovulation, stimulates formation/function of corpus luteum
83
Estrogen
secreted from ovarian follicles promotes growth and development of uterus responsible for estrous behavior triggers LH release
84
Progesterone
secreted from CL maintains pregnancy (blocks follicular development and onset of estrus) Blocks release of FSH from pituitary Mammary development
85
Prostaglandin
secreted from uterus due to atrophy (waste) of egg causes CL to regress - progesterone decreases - releasing the block of FSH (allowing estrus to occur again)
86
Estrus Synchronization
manipulation of the estrous cycle so that all females express estrus at the same time - useful in an AI program
87
Role of CDIR's
control internal drug release (they think they are pregnant - hormonal state of pregnancy), when removed, they will start their cycle (some people administer prostaglandin during this time as wel
88
Species that reaches puberty at the youngest age
Swine (4-7 months) and Sheep (5-8 months)
89
Puberty for taurus cattle
8-15 months
90
Puberty for horse
12-18 months
91
Polyestrus
continual recurrence of the estrous cycle (cattle and swine)
92
Seasonally Polyestrus
``` Photoperiod affected estrous cycle Spring breeders (long-day): Horse Fall breeders (short-day): sheep and goats ```
93
Duration of Estrus (time receptive to male) in cattle
18 hours
94
Duration of Estrus (time receptive to male) in horse
4-6 days
95
Duration of Estrus (time receptive to male) in swine
2-3 days
96
Duration of Estrus (time receptive to male) in sheep
30 hours
97
Estrus Detection in Cows (Cattle)
stand to be mounted mucus speared on the buttocks nervous "seek" the bull
98
Estrus Detection in Ewes (Sheep)
vibrating tail
99
Estrus Detection in Mares (Horse)
``` teasing squating stand to be mounted increase in urination raise tail ```
100
Estrus Detection in Sows (Swine)
flirt with ears swollen vulva pressing down on back (testing mounting ability)
101
Reproductive management mating systems
- pasture mating - pen mating (natural, but controlled) - artificial insemination
102
Cows showing estrus in the morning should be bred
that evening
103
Cows showing estrus in the evening should be bred
next morning
104
Embryo Transfer
embryos in early stage of development are removed from female reproductive tract and transferred to other females (dairy, some beef)
105
True or False: Additional hormones are given to donor females during embryo transfers to increase egg production
True
106
Parturition includes
relaxation of the cervix offspring assuming an exit position uterine muscle contractions expel fetus and placenta
107
Dystocia
abnormal positioning of fetus
108
1st Estrus after Parturition in Cattle
40 days
109
1st Estrus after Parturition in Horse
5-10 days
110
1st Estrus after Parturition in Swine
3-5 days after weaning
111
Poultry have ____ functional ovar(y/ies)
one
112
True or False: Poultry have a defined pregnancy
False
113
Poultry oviducts are divided into how many sections?
Five (along the egg's travel, it develops further at each section) - infundibulum - magnum - isthmus - uterus - vagina
114
In order to produce chicks,
the egg must be fertilized
115
Incubation in chicken eggs is _____ days
21
116
True or False: Male Poultry have no penis
True

Animal Science 101 (9 decks)

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