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Animal Science 101 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

house developing embryo/fetus during pregnancy

A

uterus

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2
Q

house the oocytes; suspended in the anterior portion of the reproductive tract

A

ovaries

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3
Q

A female is born with a pool of immature __________ already contained in follicles on the ovaries.

A

oocytes

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4
Q

During each estrous cycle, a small portion of the follicles responds to hormones released from the brain and begins to remodel the ovary and grow. These follicles eventually burst and the oocyte, the fluid surrounding the ovum within the follicle and other cells, are released into the oviduct.

A

ovulation

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5
Q

Once ovulated, the follicle area fills with a blood clot to “recover” from ovulation, creating this structure.

A

Corpus Hemmorhagicum (CH)

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6
Q

Does not secrete hormones and restricts itself into the Corpus Luteum (CL)

A

CH

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7
Q

progesterone production, which will maintain pregnancy or regress due to a lack of viable embryo in the uterus or parturition

A

Corpus Luteum (CL)

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8
Q

scar tissue developed after the regression of a CL

A

Corpus Albicans (CA)

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9
Q

suspended in the abdominal cavity and consists of the uterine body and two horns

A

Uterus

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10
Q

True or False: in many pregnancies, the embryo develops in the horns of the uterus, not the uterine body

A

True

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11
Q

Tubule structure at the tip of each uterine horn. Where fertilization actually occurs. Three distinct segments: the infundibulum, ampulla, and the isthmus.

A

oviduct

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12
Q

funnel-shaped terminal end of the oviduct

A

infundibulum

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13
Q

narrow portion of the oviduct that attaches to the uterine horn

A

isthmus

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14
Q

Specific site of fertilization

A

ampullary-isthmic junction of the oviduct

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15
Q

cartilaginous structure between the uterine body and the vagina; filled with a mucous plug to assist in blocking bacteria, debris and other contaminants out of the uterus

A

cervix

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16
Q

copulatory organ; connects external genitalia with the cervix

A

vagina

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17
Q

the series of intricately connected events that control the development and release of the oocyte from the ovary, leading to estrus and possible fertilization

A

estrous cycle

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18
Q

age, health ,body condition, breed, genetics, management

A

reproduction factors

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19
Q

released from the hypothalamus, acts on pituitary to release both follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinzing hormone (LH)

A

Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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20
Q

acts on the ovary to remodel and grow receptive follicles , where follicles will produce estrogen, creating a positive feedback loop. In male is responsible for spermatogenesis

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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21
Q

causes ovulation and subsequent development of the corpus luteum (CL). In the male, it is responsible for testosterone production and maturation of spermatozoa

A

Luteinzing Hormone (LH)

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22
Q

released from the developing follicle, involved in positive feedback loop and is responsible for the maturation of the female reproductive tract as well as estrus behavior (standing heat)

A

Estrogen

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23
Q

secreted by mature follicles, reduces FSH production and slows follicular growth; negative feedback

A

Inhibin

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24
Q

secreted by the corpus luteum (CL) after ovulation, maintains pregnancy and provides negative feedback to the brain to prevent follicular development during pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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25
Q

secreted by the non-pregnant uterus, regresses CL when no viable embryo is present

A

Prostaglandin

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26
Q

responsible for milk let down during lactation and uterine contractions during parturition and mating

A

Oxytocin

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27
Q

Where are sperm cells manufactured?

A

testes

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28
Q

Production of spermatozoa which occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

A

Spermatogenesis

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29
Q

Spermatozoa are transported into the rete testis and then out of the testes via the

A

epididymis

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30
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

testes

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31
Q

responsible for testosterone production

A

Leydid cells, under the control of LH

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32
Q

Spermatozoa are stored in the ______________ until ejaculation. Further maturation of sperm takes place here.

A

epididymis (winds from the top of the testes to the bottom and back through the spermatic cord)

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33
Q

During ejaculation, spermatozoa are pushed through the epididymis back up into the body cavity and out the ________.

A

penis

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34
Q

located in the spermatic cord: raises and lowers the scrotum (and testes) in response to temperature

A

Cremaster muscle

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35
Q

convoluted to increase surface area and dissipate heat from arterial blood as it enters the testes

A

Testicular artery

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36
Q

located just under the skin of the scrotum: contracts and relaxes in response to temperature to control surface area of scrotal wall

A

Tunica dartos muscle

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37
Q

a convoluted intertwining of testicular artery and vein, allowing more surface area for counter-current heat exchange between the two, thus, cooling the arterial blood entering the testes

A

Pampiniform plexus

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38
Q

mating behavior

A

libido

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39
Q

Fertilization process

A

Once mating occurs, sperm cells make their way through the female’s reproductive tract and up into the oviduct, where fertilization occurs. The now two-celled embryo begins dividing and will eventually travel into the uterus and implant along the uterine wall. After implantation, a placenta is formed, and communication between embryo and dam is more established. The embryo continues to grow and develop

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40
Q

Sex is determined at

A

fertilization

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41
Q

oocytes always X or Y bearing?

A

X

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42
Q

Estrus cycle length of a cow

A

21

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43
Q

Estrus cycle length of a pig

A

21

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44
Q

Estrus cycle length of a sheep

A

16

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45
Q

Estrus cycle length of a horse

A

21

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46
Q

Male Role in Reproduction

A

produce ample quantities of semen (sperm cells + seminal fluids)

find the receptive female who must have the desire (libido)

mount and deliver semen

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47
Q

Testicles (2)

A

produce sperm cells to fertilize the ova

produce testosterone

48
Q

role of testosterone

A

masculine appearance and behavior

sperm production

growth

49
Q

Epididymis

A

concentration of spermatazoa

storage and maturation site

50
Q

Epididymis

A

concentration of spermatazoa

storage and maturation site

51
Q

Scrotum

A

provides support for testicles

temperatre regulation for sperm livability (temp maintained at 5-10 degrees F below body temp)

52
Q

selection tool used for reproductive management

  • good indicator of age of puberty and overall fertility
  • at one year you want > 32 cm
A

scrotal circumference

53
Q

Vas deferens

A

transportation tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

54
Q

Urethra

A

large canal from urinary bladder extending the full length of the penis

55
Q

Accessory sex glands

A

produce fluids that add volume and nutrients

prostate, bulbourethral and seminal vesicles

56
Q

Penis

A

organ of copulation

erection: engorgement with blood
- aids copulation
- shuts off the urinary flow

57
Q

Penis

A

organ of copulation

erection: engorgement with blood
- aids copulation
- shuts off the urinary flow

58
Q

Which species has the highest and lowest sperm concentration?

A

Highest: Sheep
Lowest: Horse

59
Q

Female role in reproduction

A 
develop and release the egg
permit mating
conception
develop the embryo
nourish the fetus
parturition
lactation 
rebreeding
60
Q

Ovaries

A

produce the ova (sex cells or eggs)

61
Q

Ova

A

sex cells or eggs

62
Q

Oviducts

A

site of fertilization

transport of eggs to the uterus

63
Q

Uterus

A

site of pregnancy

responsible for expulsion of the fetus (birth)

64
Q

Litter-bearing uterine shape belongs to which species

  • essentially no uterine body
  • embryos develop along both horns
A

Swine

65
Q

Litter-bearing uterine shape belongs to which species

  • essentially no uterine body
  • embryos develop along both horns
A

Swine

66
Q

Uterine body that holds embryo in one of two horns

A

Cattle

67
Q

Uterine body is where the embryo develops in this species

A

Horse

68
Q

Cervix

A

gateway between the uterus and the vagina

69
Q

Vagina

A

female organ of copulation

birth canal

70
Q

Estrus

A

standing heat

period when female is receptive to the male/mating occurs

71
Q

Estrous cycle

A

time period extending from ovulation to ovulation/estrus to estrus

72
Q

Ovulation

A

release of the egg from the ovary

73
Q

Gestation

A

pregnancy

74
Q

Parturition

A

giving birth

75
Q

Follicle

A

fluid filled structure on the ovary
contains the egg (ova)
secretes estrogen

76
Q

Corpus luteum (CL)

A

yellowish structure that remains on the ovary after the follicle releases the egg
- secretes progesterone

77
Q

Hormones important to both males and females

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

- luteinizing hormone (LH)

78
Q

Hormones predominant in males

A

Testosterone

79
Q

Hormones predominant in females

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Prostaglandin
Oxytocin

80
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Male: stimulates testicular cells to nourish new sperm

Female: stimulates follicular growth and development, stimulates follicle to produce estrogen

81
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Male: stimulates testicular cells to nourish new sperm

Female: stimulates follicular growth and development, stimulates follicle to produce estrogen

82
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Male: stimulates testicles to produce testosterone

Female: ovulation, stimulates formation/function of corpus luteum

83
Q

Estrogen

A

secreted from ovarian follicles
promotes growth and development of uterus
responsible for estrous behavior
triggers LH release

84
Q

Progesterone

A

secreted from CL
maintains pregnancy (blocks follicular development and onset of estrus)
Blocks release of FSH from pituitary
Mammary development

85
Q

Prostaglandin

A

secreted from uterus due to atrophy (waste) of egg
causes CL to regress
- progesterone decreases
- releasing the block of FSH (allowing estrus to occur again)

86
Q

Estrus Synchronization

A

manipulation of the estrous cycle so that all females express estrus at the same time
- useful in an AI program

87
Q

Role of CDIR’s

A

control internal drug release (they think they are pregnant - hormonal state of pregnancy), when removed, they will start their cycle
(some people administer prostaglandin during this time as wel

88
Q

Species that reaches puberty at the youngest age

A

Swine (4-7 months) and Sheep (5-8 months)

89
Q

Puberty for taurus cattle

A

8-15 months

90
Q

Puberty for horse

A

12-18 months

91
Q

Polyestrus

A

continual recurrence of the estrous cycle (cattle and swine)

92
Q

Seasonally Polyestrus

A 
Photoperiod affected estrous cycle 
Spring breeders (long-day): Horse
Fall breeders (short-day): sheep and goats
93
Q

Duration of Estrus (time receptive to male) in cattle

A

18 hours

94
Q

Duration of Estrus (time receptive to male) in horse

A

4-6 days

95
Q

Duration of Estrus (time receptive to male) in swine

A

2-3 days

96
Q

Duration of Estrus (time receptive to male) in sheep

A

30 hours

97
Q

Estrus Detection in Cows (Cattle)

A

stand to be mounted
mucus speared on the buttocks
nervous
“seek” the bull

98
Q

Estrus Detection in Ewes (Sheep)

A

vibrating tail

99
Q

Estrus Detection in Mares (Horse)

A 
teasing
squating 
stand to be mounted
increase in urination
raise tail
100
Q

Estrus Detection in Sows (Swine)

A

flirt with ears
swollen vulva
pressing down on back (testing mounting ability)

101
Q

Reproductive management mating systems

A
  • pasture mating
  • pen mating (natural, but controlled)
  • artificial insemination
102
Q

Cows showing estrus in the morning should be bred

A

that evening

103
Q

Cows showing estrus in the evening should be bred

A

next morning

104
Q

Embryo Transfer

A

embryos in early stage of development are removed from female reproductive tract and transferred to other females (dairy, some beef)

105
Q

True or False: Additional hormones are given to donor females during embryo transfers to increase egg production

A

True

106
Q

Parturition includes

A

relaxation of the cervix
offspring assuming an exit position
uterine muscle contractions
expel fetus and placenta

107
Q

Dystocia

A

abnormal positioning of fetus

108
Q

1st Estrus after Parturition in Cattle

A

40 days

109
Q

1st Estrus after Parturition in Horse

A

5-10 days

110
Q

1st Estrus after Parturition in Swine

A

3-5 days after weaning

111
Q

Poultry have ____ functional ovar(y/ies)

A

one

112
Q

True or False: Poultry have a defined pregnancy

A

False

113
Q

Poultry oviducts are divided into how many sections?

A

Five (along the egg’s travel, it develops further at each section)

  • infundibulum
  • magnum
  • isthmus
  • uterus
  • vagina
114
Q

In order to produce chicks,

A

the egg must be fertilized

115
Q

Incubation in chicken eggs is _____ days

A

21

116
Q

True or False: Male Poultry have no penis

A

True

Animal Science 101 (9 decks)

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