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Animal Science 101 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

All carbohydrates are made of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

Carbohydrates serve as a

A

dietary source of energy

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3
Q

Carbohydrates all break down into the simplest sugar, also known as,

A

glucose

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4
Q

Three categories of carbohydrates

A
  1. simple sugars
  2. startches
  3. cellulose
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5
Q

Four functions of Water

A
  1. Metabolism (chemical reactions)
  2. Joint Lubrication
  3. Temperature Regulation
  4. Transports Nutrients and Waste
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6
Q

How much water should an animal drink daily?

A

1 gallon per 100 pounds of body weight

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7
Q

Fats and Lipids contain ______ x more energy than carbohydrates.

A

2.25

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8
Q

Three Functions of Lipids and Fats

A
  1. providing insulation and protection
  2. essential fatty acids
  3. fat-soluble vitamins
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9
Q

Which nutrient contains the most nitrogen?

A

Protein

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10
Q

100% Crude Protein contains what percent nitrogen?

A

16% Nitrogen (6.25 conversion of N to CP)

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11
Q

Proteins are built of

A

amino acids

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12
Q

Proteins that must be supplied in the diet

A

Essential Amino Acids (Proteins)

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13
Q

Proteins that can be synthesized by the animal

A

Non-Essential Amino Acids (Proteins)

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14
Q

True or False: Protein needs decrease with age

A

True (once an animal reaches peak growth rate, they are consuming more feed with a lower protein concentration and once they reach maturity, they are consuming less feed and protein)

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15
Q

basic structural unit of the body

A

Protein

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16
Q

Example proteins in the body

A

enzymes
hormones
DNA/RNA
antibodies

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17
Q

Organic nutrients needed in small amounts

A

Vitamins

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18
Q

Water-soluble vitamins:

A

B & C

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19
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins:

A

A, D, E, K

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20
Q

Inorganic compounds needed in small amounts

A

Minerals

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21
Q

Function of Minerals

A

skeletal formation/maintenance

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22
Q

Macrominerals

A

Ca, P, CL, K, Na, S, Mg

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23
Q

Two most abundant minerals in the body

A

Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P)

2:1 ratio in body

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24
Q

Minerals that serve as electrolytes in the body

A

Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na)

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25
Function of microminerals
regulate enzyme systems
26
Mineral deficiency causes:
reduced feed intake/growth rates increase susceptibility to diseases slowed or smaller skeletal formation
27
Water composes what percent of an animal cell?
70% water
28
Ruminant Animals
goat, cow and sheep
29
Why can horses digest hay?
they have a functioning cecum
30
Preparation of food for absorption: reduction in food particle size by mechanical, chemical, enzymatic and microbial processes
Digestion
31
Types of Digestion
``` Chewing Chemical Digestion (HCl is released into the stomach and bile is secreted in the small intestine) ```
32
Break down food particles into their molecular constituents so that they are small enough to be absorbed across the intestinal wall into the blood and lymphatic system and eventually into the cells for body funciton.
Enzymes
33
Function to break down food particles via microbial digestion in ruminant animals
Microbes
34
Monogastric
Animals who have one section to their stomach and a functioning cecum
35
Sections of the Small Intestine
duodenum (where bile is secreted), jejunum and ileum
36
Large Intestine Function
Resorb water and provide storage for undigested food
37
40-50 gallon capacity section of the stomach known for storage, physical mixing of ruminal digesta and acting as a fermentation chamber with the help of bacteria, protozoa and fungi
Rumen
38
honeycomb pouch of the stomach that works to regurgitate food
Reticulum
39
Stockman's Bible (folds) section of the stomach that resorbs water from the rumen, allowing digesta to exit as a paste
Omasum
40
"true stomach" releasing MCl and pepsin as gastric juices similar to stomachs on non-ruminant animals
Abomasum
41
Three primary factors that affect nutrient requirements within a given species includes:
weight of the animal, stage of production and level of performance
42
Nutrient requirements peak at what stage of production?
two months postpartum (then they go down until the third trimester of the following pregnancy)
43
chemical procedure that breaks down and ascertain nutrient value
proximate analysis
44
Organic components (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen) that serve as energy and are available in a given feed sample
Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
45
Carbohydrates (including cellulose) are associated with ____
Crude Fiber (CF): a measure of of the lowly digestible material in a feedstuff including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
46
As forages grow and mature, crude fiber becomes a _______ percentage of the plant
larger (reducing energy and protein content
47
Percentage of nutrient or weight of feed contained only in the dry matter fraction - moisture free
Dry matter (DM)
48
Percentage of the nutrient or the weight of the feed as it would be fed to the animal, including water.
As-fed
49
90% dry matter due to natural drying
Air-dry basis
50
Heavy Weight | Diluted Nutrients
As-fed basis
51
Light Weight | Concentrated Nutrients
Dry matter basis
52
Fibrous Feeds
forages or roughages
53
fibrous feed of higher quality and greater nutritive value than roughages
forages
54
alfalfa, bromegrass hays
forages
55
cornstalks, wheat, oat straw
roughages
56
DM matter of Silage
35%
57
DM matter of haylage
50%
58
corn, milo, oats, barley and wheat
energy feeds
59
Protein supplements typically have more than ____ CP
20% CP
60
plant (soybean, cottonseed, linseed, sunflower and corn gluten meal), animal (blood meal, spray-dried plasma, meat and bone meal, and dried whey) or non-protein nitrogen sources (urea and ammonia).
Protein sources
61
True or False: and food identified as a "meal" is typically considered a protein supplement
True
62
True or False: Minerals are 100% dry matter
True
63
Minerals are most often added to feed rations through
pre-mixes
64
Feed ration can be discovered through use of
The Pearson Square
65
What percent of all feed used in beef production is non-grain?
83%
66
On average, beef cattle consume ______ of their body weight in DM daily.
2-3%
67
Feed nutrition for swine and poultry is based off of ____________, not proteins.
Amino acids
68
Poultry will consume _________ of their body weight daily.
7-12%
69
Mature horses will consume _________ of their body weight daily.
1.5-2%
70
Pigs will consume ______ of their body weight daily.
5%
71
Microbial waste products associated with fiber digestion in the rumen or cecum. Toxic to microbes but absorbed and used as an energy source.
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)
72
Water Consumption for Swine
1.5-3 gallons/day
73
Water Consumption for Sheep
1.5-3 gallons/day
74
Water Consumption for Cattle
10-14 gallons/day
75
Water Consumption for Horses
10-14 gallons/day
76
Absorption
passage of small molecules into the blood or lymphatic systems

Animal Science 101 (9 decks)

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