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Animal Science 101 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

All carbohydrates are made of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

Carbohydrates serve as a

A

dietary source of energy

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3
Q

Carbohydrates all break down into the simplest sugar, also known as,

A

glucose

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4
Q

Three categories of carbohydrates

A
  1. simple sugars
  2. startches
  3. cellulose
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5
Q

Four functions of Water

A
  1. Metabolism (chemical reactions)
  2. Joint Lubrication
  3. Temperature Regulation
  4. Transports Nutrients and Waste
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6
Q

How much water should an animal drink daily?

A

1 gallon per 100 pounds of body weight

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7
Q

Fats and Lipids contain ______ x more energy than carbohydrates.

A

2.25

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8
Q

Three Functions of Lipids and Fats

A
  1. providing insulation and protection
  2. essential fatty acids
  3. fat-soluble vitamins
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9
Q

Which nutrient contains the most nitrogen?

A

Protein

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10
Q

100% Crude Protein contains what percent nitrogen?

A

16% Nitrogen (6.25 conversion of N to CP)

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11
Q

Proteins are built of

A

amino acids

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12
Q

Proteins that must be supplied in the diet

A

Essential Amino Acids (Proteins)

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13
Q

Proteins that can be synthesized by the animal

A

Non-Essential Amino Acids (Proteins)

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14
Q

True or False: Protein needs decrease with age

A

True (once an animal reaches peak growth rate, they are consuming more feed with a lower protein concentration and once they reach maturity, they are consuming less feed and protein)

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15
Q

basic structural unit of the body

A

Protein

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16
Q

Example proteins in the body

A

enzymes
hormones
DNA/RNA
antibodies

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17
Q

Organic nutrients needed in small amounts

A

Vitamins

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18
Q

Water-soluble vitamins:

A

B & C

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19
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins:

A

A, D, E, K

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20
Q

Inorganic compounds needed in small amounts

A

Minerals

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21
Q

Function of Minerals

A

skeletal formation/maintenance

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22
Q

Macrominerals

A

Ca, P, CL, K, Na, S, Mg

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23
Q

Two most abundant minerals in the body

A

Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P)

2:1 ratio in body

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24
Q

Minerals that serve as electrolytes in the body

A

Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na)

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25
Q

Function of microminerals

A

regulate enzyme systems

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26
Q

Mineral deficiency causes:

A

reduced feed intake/growth rates
increase susceptibility to diseases
slowed or smaller skeletal formation

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27
Q

Water composes what percent of an animal cell?

A

70% water

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28
Q

Ruminant Animals

A

goat, cow and sheep

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29
Q

Why can horses digest hay?

A

they have a functioning cecum

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30
Q

Preparation of food for absorption: reduction in food particle size by mechanical, chemical, enzymatic and microbial processes

A

Digestion

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31
Q

Types of Digestion

A 
Chewing
Chemical Digestion (HCl is released into the stomach and bile is secreted in the small intestine)
32
Q

Break down food particles into their molecular constituents so that they are small enough to be absorbed across the intestinal wall into the blood and lymphatic system and eventually into the cells for body funciton.

A

Enzymes

33
Q

Function to break down food particles via microbial digestion in ruminant animals

A

Microbes

34
Q

Monogastric

A

Animals who have one section to their stomach and a functioning cecum

35
Q

Sections of the Small Intestine

A

duodenum (where bile is secreted), jejunum and ileum

36
Q

Large Intestine Function

A

Resorb water and provide storage for undigested food

37
Q

40-50 gallon capacity section of the stomach known for storage, physical mixing of ruminal digesta and acting as a fermentation chamber with the help of bacteria, protozoa and fungi

A

Rumen

38
Q

honeycomb pouch of the stomach that works to regurgitate food

A

Reticulum

39
Q

Stockman’s Bible (folds) section of the stomach that resorbs water from the rumen, allowing digesta to exit as a paste

A

Omasum

40
Q

“true stomach” releasing MCl and pepsin as gastric juices similar to stomachs on non-ruminant animals

A

Abomasum

41
Q

Three primary factors that affect nutrient requirements within a given species includes:

A

weight of the animal, stage of production and level of performance

42
Q

Nutrient requirements peak at what stage of production?

A

two months postpartum (then they go down until the third trimester of the following pregnancy)

43
Q

chemical procedure that breaks down and ascertain nutrient value

A

proximate analysis

44
Q

Organic components (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen) that serve as energy and are available in a given feed sample

A

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

45
Q

Carbohydrates (including cellulose) are associated with ____

A

Crude Fiber (CF): a measure of of the lowly digestible material in a feedstuff including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin

46
Q

As forages grow and mature, crude fiber becomes a _______ percentage of the plant

A

larger (reducing energy and protein content

47
Q

Percentage of nutrient or weight of feed contained only in the dry matter fraction - moisture free

A

Dry matter (DM)

48
Q

Percentage of the nutrient or the weight of the feed as it would be fed to the animal, including water.

A

As-fed

49
Q

90% dry matter due to natural drying

A

Air-dry basis

50
Q

Heavy Weight

Diluted Nutrients

A

As-fed basis

51
Q

Light Weight

Concentrated Nutrients

A

Dry matter basis

52
Q

Fibrous Feeds

A

forages or roughages

53
Q

fibrous feed of higher quality and greater nutritive value than roughages

A

forages

54
Q

alfalfa, bromegrass hays

A

forages

55
Q

cornstalks, wheat, oat straw

A

roughages

56
Q

DM matter of Silage

A

35%

57
Q

DM matter of haylage

A

50%

58
Q

corn, milo, oats, barley and wheat

A

energy feeds

59
Q

Protein supplements typically have more than ____ CP

A

20% CP

60
Q

plant (soybean, cottonseed, linseed, sunflower and corn gluten meal), animal (blood meal, spray-dried plasma, meat and bone meal, and dried whey) or non-protein nitrogen sources (urea and ammonia).

A

Protein sources

61
Q

True or False: and food identified as a “meal” is typically considered a protein supplement

A

True

62
Q

True or False: Minerals are 100% dry matter

A

True

63
Q

Minerals are most often added to feed rations through

A

pre-mixes

64
Q

Feed ration can be discovered through use of

A

The Pearson Square

65
Q

What percent of all feed used in beef production is non-grain?

A

83%

66
Q

On average, beef cattle consume ______ of their body weight in DM daily.

A

2-3%

67
Q

Feed nutrition for swine and poultry is based off of ____________, not proteins.

A

Amino acids

68
Q

Poultry will consume _________ of their body weight daily.

A

7-12%

69
Q

Mature horses will consume _________ of their body weight daily.

A

1.5-2%

70
Q

Pigs will consume ______ of their body weight daily.

A

5%

71
Q

Microbial waste products associated with fiber digestion in the rumen or cecum. Toxic to microbes but absorbed and used as an energy source.

A

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

72
Q

Water Consumption for Swine

A

1.5-3 gallons/day

73
Q

Water Consumption for Sheep

A

1.5-3 gallons/day

74
Q

Water Consumption for Cattle

A

10-14 gallons/day

75
Q

Water Consumption for Horses

A

10-14 gallons/day

76
Q

Absorption

A

passage of small molecules into the blood or lymphatic systems

Animal Science 101 (9 decks)

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