Reproduction Flashcards
Reproduction is …
the process by which animals produce offspring for the purpose of continuing the species
The process of reproduction begins with …
copulation which is the mating of a male and a female of the species
Reproduction’s second step is …
sperm cells from the male are deposited in the female reproductive tract and try to untie with egg
Reproduction’s third step is …
when fertilization (a sperm cell and egg cell unite) occurs and an embryo begins to develop
Reproduction’s fourth step is …
The embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus where it is protected, receives nourishment
and develops
Reproduction’s fifth step is …
When the new offspring reaches the end of the gestation period, it is delivered from the
female reproductive tract in a process called parturition
The male reproductive anatomy consists of …
- Gametes
- Scrotum
- Testes
- Epididymus
- Vas Deferens
- Accessory Glands
- Penis
- Sigmoid Flexure
- Retractor Penis Muscle
What is a Gamete?
it is a sperm cell
Gametes are responsible for …
- Production
- Storage
- Deposition
- Produces the male sex hormone
- is a passageway for expelling urine
What is the function of the Scrotum?
it is to protect and support the testes
The scrotum responsible for …
- Protecting the sperm cells
- Regulating temperature
What muscles are responsible for raising or lowering the testes?
- Cremaster muscle
- Spermatic cord
- Tunica dartos muscle
What temperature should the scrotum be in order for normal sperm development?
4 to 6 degrees below body temperature
What is the function of the testes?
- Produce sperm
- Produce testosterone
The seminiferous tubes are located where?
In the testes
The seminiferous tubes are the site for what?
Sperm production and maturation
The interstitial cells (Leydig) produce what?
Testosterone
What structure in the male is responsible for further maturation, storage and transportation of sperm cell?
Epididymis
True or False: Because location of the testes varies on livestock animals, the location of the epididymis varies as well.
True
What is another name for the Vas Deferens?
Ductus Deferens
The function of the Vas Deferens is to …
- Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
- Carries urine from the bladder
- Carries sperm and fluid from accessory sex organs
The accessory glands include …
- Seminal vesicles (vesicular glands)
- Prostate glands
- Bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands)
The job of the Seminal vesicles (vesicular glands) is …
Secrete fluids providing energy and buffers to sperm
The job of the Prostate glands is …
Secrete a thick, milky fluid high in organic ions
The job of the Bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands) is …
Secrete fluids before ejaculation to clean urethra
Name the functions of the penis.
- Is a passageway for semen and urine
- Deposits semen in the female reproductive tract
What are the two types of penises in livestock animals?
- Fibroelastic penis
- Vascular penis
Fibroelastic penis is found in what animals?
Bulls, rams, boars
Vascular penis is found in what animals?
Stallions
Fibroelastic penis is composed of …
connective tissue and little on blood for erections.
Vascular penis is composed of …
supplied with blood vessels.
The Sigmoid Flexure …
- Has an s-shaped curve
- Allows for penis retraction
What animals do not have a sigmoid flexure?
Stallions and Humans
The function of the ovaries is …
Produce female hormones
The female hormones produced in the ovaries are …
Estrogen and Progesterone
True or False: Estrogen stimulates the development of secondary sex organs and sexual receptivity.
True
True or False: Progesterone maintains uterine lining during pregnancy, keeps estrus from occurring, and causes mammary system to develop.
True
A blister-like mass on the surface of an ovary containing a developing ovum (egg) is …
The Follicle
The function of the Follicle is to …
- Holds the growing ovum
- Produce and store estrogen
Estrogen is secreted from follicle to signal …
the remainder of the reproductive tract to prepare for ovulation.
At _____, the follicle ruptures, expels the ovum, enters the infundibulum and awaits fertilization in the _____.
Ovulation, Oviduct
What is the function of the Corpus Luteum (CL) and where is it located?
- Forms after ovum is released from the follicle
- Produces progesterone
True or False: The uterus is the site of fertilization.
False the site of fertilization is the oviduct.
Oviducts:
transport eggs from ovary to uterus
Ovulation is the process of _______ an ovum from the _____ follicle of an ovary.
Discharging, Mature
The uterus consists of …
horns and a body
Where is the site of embryonic growth and placental / fetal development?
The uterus
True or False: The uterus does not vary in size with different animals.
False
What separates the uterus and the vagina?
The cervix
What part of the female reproductive tract is the birthing canal at parturition?
The vagina
The vagina is a passageway for expelling _____ ______.
Liquid wastes
True or False: The estrous cycle will not repeat itself as long as the female is not pregnant.
False : It will repeat as long as the female is not pregnant and will stop if the female becomes pregnant
Estrous:
The female reproductive cycle
Estrus:
When the female is in heat.
Estrous is controlled by hormones preparing the reproductive tract ovulation and pregnancy
Includes two phases:
- Follicular phase
- Luteal phase
What is the short phase of the Estrous cycle?
What is the long phase?
Short: Follicular
Long: Luteal phase
If an animal is seasonal polyestrous it means that …
cycles occur only during certain times of the year
Long day breeders:
cycle when day lengths increases (ex: horses)
Short day breeders:
cycle when day length decreases (ex: sheep)
If an animal is monoestrous it means that …
one cycle per year; estrus periods last for several days (ex: dogs)
If an animal is polysetrous it mens that …
uniform, regularly occurring estrous cycles throughout the ear (ex: cattle)
What are the 4 stages of the Estrous cycle?
- Proestrus
- Estrus
- Metestrus
- Diestrus
Proestrus:
begins after the CL regresses and ends at the onset of estrus, period of follicle growth
Estrus:
period of sexual receptivity or “heat” that varies between species
Metestrus:
early postovulatory period / CL begins to develop
Diestrus:
begins apx. four days after ovulation and ends with the regression of the CL
LH
Luteinizing Hormone
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
P4
Progesterone
E2
Estrogen
Before ovulation …
the egg cell is contained in a follicle
What are the functions of Progesterone?
- Prepares uterus for implantation of the embryo
- Stops other eggs from forming
- Maintain pregnancy condition
- Develops mammary glands which produce milk to feed young after they are born
Gestation is the time in which females are …
Pregnant
The process of giving birth is called …
Parturition
Cow:
- Estrous: 21 days
- Estrus: 18 hour average
- Gestation: 283-285 days
Sow:
- Estrous: 21 day average
- Estrus: 2 day average
- Gestation: 114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
Ewe:
- Estrous: 17 day average
- Estrus: 30 hour average
- Gestation: 147-150 days
Poultry and Rabbits are used for …
Stud mating
