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Animal Science 100 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Reproduction is …

A

the process by which animals produce offspring for the purpose of continuing the species

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2
Q

The process of reproduction begins with …

A

copulation which is the mating of a male and a female of the species

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3
Q

Reproduction’s second step is …

A

sperm cells from the male are deposited in the female reproductive tract and try to untie with egg

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4
Q

Reproduction’s third step is …

A

when fertilization (a sperm cell and egg cell unite) occurs and an embryo begins to develop

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5
Q

Reproduction’s fourth step is …

A

The embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus where it is protected, receives nourishment
and develops

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6
Q

Reproduction’s fifth step is …

A

When the new offspring reaches the end of the gestation period, it is delivered from the
female reproductive tract in a process called parturition

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7
Q

The male reproductive anatomy consists of …

A
  • Gametes
  • Scrotum
  • Testes
  • Epididymus
  • Vas Deferens
  • Accessory Glands
  • Penis
  • Sigmoid Flexure
  • Retractor Penis Muscle
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8
Q

What is a Gamete?

A

it is a sperm cell

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9
Q

Gametes are responsible for …

A
  • Production
  • Storage
  • Deposition
  • Produces the male sex hormone
  • is a passageway for expelling urine
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10
Q

What is the function of the Scrotum?

A

it is to protect and support the testes

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11
Q

The scrotum responsible for …

A
  • Protecting the sperm cells

- Regulating temperature

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12
Q

What muscles are responsible for raising or lowering the testes?

A
  • Cremaster muscle
  • Spermatic cord
  • Tunica dartos muscle
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13
Q

What temperature should the scrotum be in order for normal sperm development?

A

4 to 6 degrees below body temperature

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14
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A
  • Produce sperm

- Produce testosterone

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15
Q

The seminiferous tubes are located where?

A

In the testes

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16
Q

The seminiferous tubes are the site for what?

A

Sperm production and maturation

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17
Q

The interstitial cells (Leydig) produce what?

A

Testosterone

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18
Q

What structure in the male is responsible for further maturation, storage and transportation of sperm cell?

A

Epididymis

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19
Q

True or False: Because location of the testes varies on livestock animals, the location of the epididymis varies as well.

A

True

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20
Q

What is another name for the Vas Deferens?

A

Ductus Deferens

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21
Q

The function of the Vas Deferens is to …

A
  • Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
  • Carries urine from the bladder
  • Carries sperm and fluid from accessory sex organs
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22
Q

The accessory glands include …

A
  • Seminal vesicles (vesicular glands)
  • Prostate glands
  • Bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands)
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23
Q

The job of the Seminal vesicles (vesicular glands) is …

A

Secrete fluids providing energy and buffers to sperm

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24
Q

The job of the Prostate glands is …

A

Secrete a thick, milky fluid high in organic ions

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25
Q

The job of the Bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands) is …

A

Secrete fluids before ejaculation to clean urethra

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26
Q

Name the functions of the penis.

A
  • Is a passageway for semen and urine

- Deposits semen in the female reproductive tract

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27
Q

What are the two types of penises in livestock animals?

A
  • Fibroelastic penis

- Vascular penis

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28
Q

Fibroelastic penis is found in what animals?

A

Bulls, rams, boars

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29
Q

Vascular penis is found in what animals?

A

Stallions

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30
Q

Fibroelastic penis is composed of …

A

connective tissue and little on blood for erections.

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31
Q

Vascular penis is composed of …

A

supplied with blood vessels.

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32
Q

The Sigmoid Flexure …

A
  • Has an s-shaped curve

- Allows for penis retraction

33
Q

What animals do not have a sigmoid flexure?

A

Stallions and Humans

34
Q

The function of the ovaries is …

A

Produce female hormones

35
Q

The female hormones produced in the ovaries are …

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

36
Q

True or False: Estrogen stimulates the development of secondary sex organs and sexual receptivity.

A

True

37
Q

True or False: Progesterone maintains uterine lining during pregnancy, keeps estrus from occurring, and causes mammary system to develop.

A

True

38
Q

A blister-like mass on the surface of an ovary containing a developing ovum (egg) is …

A

The Follicle

39
Q

The function of the Follicle is to …

A
  • Holds the growing ovum

- Produce and store estrogen

40
Q

Estrogen is secreted from follicle to signal …

A

the remainder of the reproductive tract to prepare for ovulation.

41
Q

At _____, the follicle ruptures, expels the ovum, enters the infundibulum and awaits fertilization in the _____.

A

Ovulation, Oviduct

42
Q

What is the function of the Corpus Luteum (CL) and where is it located?

A
  • Forms after ovum is released from the follicle

- Produces progesterone

43
Q

True or False: The uterus is the site of fertilization.

A

False the site of fertilization is the oviduct.

44
Q

Oviducts:

A

transport eggs from ovary to uterus

45
Q

Ovulation is the process of _______ an ovum from the _____ follicle of an ovary.

A

Discharging, Mature

46
Q

The uterus consists of …

A

horns and a body

47
Q

Where is the site of embryonic growth and placental / fetal development?

A

The uterus

48
Q

True or False: The uterus does not vary in size with different animals.

A

False

49
Q

What separates the uterus and the vagina?

A

The cervix

50
Q

What part of the female reproductive tract is the birthing canal at parturition?

A

The vagina

51
Q

The vagina is a passageway for expelling _____ ______.

A

Liquid wastes

52
Q

True or False: The estrous cycle will not repeat itself as long as the female is not pregnant.

A

False : It will repeat as long as the female is not pregnant and will stop if the female becomes pregnant

53
Q

Estrous:

A

The female reproductive cycle

54
Q

Estrus:

A

When the female is in heat.

55
Q

Estrous is controlled by hormones preparing the reproductive tract ovulation and pregnancy
Includes two phases:

A
  • Follicular phase

- Luteal phase

56
Q

What is the short phase of the Estrous cycle?

What is the long phase?

A

Short: Follicular
Long: Luteal phase

57
Q

If an animal is seasonal polyestrous it means that …

A

cycles occur only during certain times of the year

58
Q

Long day breeders:

A

cycle when day lengths increases (ex: horses)

59
Q

Short day breeders:

A

cycle when day length decreases (ex: sheep)

60
Q

If an animal is monoestrous it means that …

A

one cycle per year; estrus periods last for several days (ex: dogs)

61
Q

If an animal is polysetrous it mens that …

A

uniform, regularly occurring estrous cycles throughout the ear (ex: cattle)

62
Q

What are the 4 stages of the Estrous cycle?

A
  • Proestrus
  • Estrus
  • Metestrus
  • Diestrus
63
Q

Proestrus:

A

begins after the CL regresses and ends at the onset of estrus, period of follicle growth

64
Q

Estrus:

A

period of sexual receptivity or “heat” that varies between species

65
Q

Metestrus:

A

early postovulatory period / CL begins to develop

66
Q

Diestrus:

A

begins apx. four days after ovulation and ends with the regression of the CL

67
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing Hormone

68
Q

FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

69
Q

P4

A

Progesterone

70
Q

E2

A

Estrogen

71
Q

Before ovulation …

A

the egg cell is contained in a follicle

72
Q

What are the functions of Progesterone?

A
  • Prepares uterus for implantation of the embryo
  • Stops other eggs from forming
  • Maintain pregnancy condition
  • Develops mammary glands which produce milk to feed young after they are born
73
Q

Gestation is the time in which females are …

A

Pregnant

74
Q

The process of giving birth is called …

A

Parturition

75
Q

Cow:

A
  • Estrous: 21 days
  • Estrus: 18 hour average
  • Gestation: 283-285 days
76
Q

Sow:

A
  • Estrous: 21 day average
  • Estrus: 2 day average
  • Gestation: 114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
77
Q

Ewe:

A
  • Estrous: 17 day average
  • Estrus: 30 hour average
  • Gestation: 147-150 days
78
Q

Poultry and Rabbits are used for …

A

Stud mating

Animal Science 100 (5 decks)

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