Reproduction Flashcards
What is the purpose of leydig and sertoli cells?
Leydig cells secrete testosterone; and sertoli cells secrete nutrients and provide protection to the developing sperm
In the epididymis…
sperm complete differentiation by becoming motile and capable of fertilization
What composes semen?
5% sperm, then fructose from the seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland fluid,and prostate fluid (slightly acidic or alkaline)
What tissues are similar in males and females?
Labia majora similar as scrotum; labia minora same as urethral primordial tissue, clitoris same as erectile penis tissue
What are the two tissues in the uterus?
The endometrium–inner glandular layer, and the myometrium, the outer muscular layer
What produces melatonin, what does it do, and in what system?
Pineal gland, induces sleep, and during photocrine signalling system (?)
What is the brain protein needed in photocrine signalling?
Kisspeptin, which initiates the secretion of GnRH (along with FSH and LH)
What does the pineal gland do?
Secretes melatonin which is a hormone derived from tryptophan; it also regulates the body’s circadian rhythm with the day-night cycle
How does melatonin need to be regulated based on the type of breeders?
Short-day breeders rely on increasing amounts of melatonin for reproduction, while long-day breeders rely on decreasing concentrations
GnRH leads to the release of FSH and LH
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What are the two functions of the ovary?
To produce ovum, and to secrete estrogens (estradiol) and progesterone
where are LH and FSH secreted?
Anterior Pituitary
When does PMS start?
during the end of the luteal phase and ends before or after the start of menstrual flow
What is the acrosome?
An organelle derived from the golgi which contains hylauronidase and acrosine; develops during testicular maturation;
Function of teh acrosome
Breaks down the outer membrane of the ovum, called the zona pellucida to allow fusion of gametes
What stimulates granulosa cells?
FSH
What stimulates theca and luteal cells?
LH
When and how are estradiol and progesterone produces?
They are produced under the influence ofEstradiol is produced during the follicular phase and progesterone during the luteal phase
What do FSH and LH stimulate in the testes?
FSH–>sertoli cells
LH–> leydig cells (so they produce testosterone)
What are sex steroids responsible for?
sex-specific reproductive behaviours; development of sex-specific phenotype; required for maturation of gametes
What is folliculogenesis?
Maturation of the ovarian follicle; a densely packed shell contains an immature oocyte; also includes the progession of a small number of follicles to give rise to a large preovulatory follicle; ends when the remaining follicles in the ovaries are incapable of responding to hormonal cues that previously recruited some follicles to mature
What is oogenesis?
the generation of an ovum or egg; one gamete comes from each primary oocyte; in mammals, oogenesis begins before birth but the germ cells enter meiosis 1 and arrest, only to begin again during puberty
Most oocytes degenerate before puberty and there are roughly 200,000 primary oocytes in each ovary at puberty
yes
What happens in the firsts week ofovulation?
Several primary oocytes contained in follicles begin to develop
What happens in the second week of ovulation?
Only one follicle and its primary oocyte continue maturation; this primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I to become a secondary oocyte; secretes estradiol
What is luteogenesis?
when the ruptured follicle undergoes a dramatic change into the corpus luteum; endometrium of the uterus maintained by large amounts of progesterone and minor amounts of estradiol;
Gametogenesis in females is an endocrine-regulated cycle
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What occurs during the follicular phase?
First week–growth and differentiation of primary oocyte occurs; FSH & LH stimulate foll. cells to release increasing amounts of estradiol; this exerts a negative feedback on FSH and LH to prevent their blood levels from rising too high
What happens when the follicle is ready to be ovulated?
Estradiol secretion spikes, which changes the FSHh and LH feedback into a positive one, and LH triggers ovulation
What is the luteal phase?
Corpus luteum develops and secretes progesterone; this inhibits FSH and LH products and prepares uterus for embryo; if fertilization occurs, cells aroundt eh embryo produce hCG which maintains the corpus luteum; if it does not occu, corpus luteum degrades and the cycle restarts in two weeks
What is the proliferative phase?
Endometrium because thicker and more vasularized
What is the secretory phase?
glands develop that secrete nutrients to sustain embryos for the first 2 weeks
What kind of hormone is hCG?
a glycoprotein gonadotropin hormone produced by the developing embryo after conception; excreted by the kidneys and can be detected in the urine;
What are types of birth control methods?
one containing an estrogen and a progestin–suppresses ovulation; or progesterone/progestin only methods which reduce the frequency of ovulation and also causes change in the cervical mucus
