Reproduction

Question 1

What is the purpose of leydig and sertoli cells?

Answer 1

Leydig cells secrete testosterone; and sertoli cells secrete nutrients and provide protection to the developing sperm

Question 2

In the epididymis…

Answer 2

sperm complete differentiation by becoming motile and capable of fertilization

Question 3

What composes semen?

Answer 3

5% sperm, then fructose from the seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland fluid,and prostate fluid (slightly acidic or alkaline)

Question 4

What tissues are similar in males and females?

Answer 4

Labia majora similar as scrotum; labia minora same as urethral primordial tissue, clitoris same as erectile penis tissue

Question 5

What are the two tissues in the uterus?

Answer 5

The endometrium–inner glandular layer, and the myometrium, the outer muscular layer

Question 6

What produces melatonin, what does it do, and in what system?

Answer 6

Pineal gland, induces sleep, and during photocrine signalling system (?)

Question 7

What is the brain protein needed in photocrine signalling?

Answer 7

Kisspeptin, which initiates the secretion of GnRH (along with FSH and LH)

Question 8

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 8

Secretes melatonin which is a hormone derived from tryptophan; it also regulates the body’s circadian rhythm with the day-night cycle

Question 9

How does melatonin need to be regulated based on the type of breeders?

Answer 9

Short-day breeders rely on increasing amounts of melatonin for reproduction, while long-day breeders rely on decreasing concentrations

Question 10

GnRH leads to the release of FSH and LH

Answer 10

ye

Question 11

What are the two functions of the ovary?

Answer 11

To produce ovum, and to secrete estrogens (estradiol) and progesterone

Question 12

where are LH and FSH secreted?

Answer 12

Anterior Pituitary

Question 13

When does PMS start?

Answer 13

during the end of the luteal phase and ends before or after the start of menstrual flow

Question 14

What is the acrosome?

Answer 14

An organelle derived from the golgi which contains hylauronidase and acrosine; develops during testicular maturation;

Question 15

Function of teh acrosome

Answer 15

Breaks down the outer membrane of the ovum, called the zona pellucida to allow fusion of gametes

Question 16

What stimulates granulosa cells?

Answer 16

FSH

Question 17

What stimulates theca and luteal cells?

Answer 17

LH

Question 18

When and how are estradiol and progesterone produces?

Answer 18

They are produced under the influence ofEstradiol is produced during the follicular phase and progesterone during the luteal phase

Question 19

What do FSH and LH stimulate in the testes?

Answer 19

FSH–>sertoli cells

LH–> leydig cells (so they produce testosterone)

Question 20

What are sex steroids responsible for?

Answer 20

sex-specific reproductive behaviours; development of sex-specific phenotype; required for maturation of gametes

Question 21

What is folliculogenesis?

Answer 21

Maturation of the ovarian follicle; a densely packed shell contains an immature oocyte; also includes the progession of a small number of follicles to give rise to a large preovulatory follicle; ends when the remaining follicles in the ovaries are incapable of responding to hormonal cues that previously recruited some follicles to mature

Question 22

What is oogenesis?

Answer 22

the generation of an ovum or egg; one gamete comes from each primary oocyte; in mammals, oogenesis begins before birth but the germ cells enter meiosis 1 and arrest, only to begin again during puberty

Question 23

Most oocytes degenerate before puberty and there are roughly 200,000 primary oocytes in each ovary at puberty

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

What happens in the firsts week ofovulation?

Answer 24

Several primary oocytes contained in follicles begin to develop

Question 25

What happens in the second week of ovulation?

Answer 25

Only one follicle and its primary oocyte continue maturation; this primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I to become a secondary oocyte; secretes estradiol

Question 26

What is luteogenesis?

Answer 26

when the ruptured follicle undergoes a dramatic change into the corpus luteum; endometrium of the uterus maintained by large amounts of progesterone and minor amounts of estradiol;

Question 27

Gametogenesis in females is an endocrine-regulated cycle

Answer 27

ok

Question 28

What occurs during the follicular phase?

Answer 28

First week–growth and differentiation of primary oocyte occurs; FSH & LH stimulate foll. cells to release increasing amounts of estradiol; this exerts a negative feedback on FSH and LH to prevent their blood levels from rising too high

Question 29

What happens when the follicle is ready to be ovulated?

Answer 29

Estradiol secretion spikes, which changes the FSHh and LH feedback into a positive one, and LH triggers ovulation

Question 30

What is the luteal phase?

Answer 30

Corpus luteum develops and secretes progesterone; this inhibits FSH and LH products and prepares uterus for embryo; if fertilization occurs, cells aroundt eh embryo produce hCG which maintains the corpus luteum; if it does not occu, corpus luteum degrades and the cycle restarts in two weeks

Question 31

What is the proliferative phase?

Answer 31

Endometrium because thicker and more vasularized

Question 32

What is the secretory phase?

Answer 32

glands develop that secrete nutrients to sustain embryos for the first 2 weeks

Question 33

What kind of hormone is hCG?

Answer 33

a glycoprotein gonadotropin hormone produced by the developing embryo after conception; excreted by the kidneys and can be detected in the urine;

Question 34

What are types of birth control methods?

Answer 34

one containing an estrogen and a progestin–suppresses ovulation; or progesterone/progestin only methods which reduce the frequency of ovulation and also causes change in the cervical mucus