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Animal Physiology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of viviparous?

A

Live young which have developed inside the body of a parent

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2
Q

What does the hypothalamic pituitary gonodal axis drive?

A

sexuality and performance

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3
Q

What is the meaning of GnRH?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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4
Q

In Females the release of GnRH stimulates the growth and development of what?

A

The uterus and the mammary glands

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5
Q

When is reproduction risky for males?

A

When stags rutt

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6
Q

When is reproduction risky for females?

A

Childbirth - 1 in 16 births in Sub-saharan Africa results in the death of the mother (1 in 2800 in developed countries)

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7
Q

What are the functions of male reproduction?

A

To produce lots of sperm continuously and to deliver the sperm to the female

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8
Q

What are the functions of female reproduction?

A

Production of the ova
Ovulation
Reception of sperm
Transport of sperm and ova for fertilisation

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9
Q

At what phase of development to the ova arrest during fetal development?

A

Late prophase /diplotene stage of meiosis

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10
Q

How many germ line cells are present for a female at birth? (considering the development of the ova)

A

7 million

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11
Q

How many oocytes are present in the ovaries at puberty?

A

400,000

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12
Q

How many oocytes are fertile in the life time of a woman?

A

400-500

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13
Q

By which hormone is the placenta maintained? And where is this hormone released from?

A

Progesterone released from the Corpus Lutea / Placenta

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14
Q

What does the term Parturation mean?

A

The action of giving birth to young (childbirth)

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15
Q

What is colostrum?

A

The first substance released from the mammary glands which contains antibodies to protect the newborn from disease

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16
Q

What is lactogenesis?

A

The onset of milk production from the mammary glands around the time of parturation

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17
Q

By which hormones is lactogenesis maintained?

A

Prolactin (and growth hormone in cattle)

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18
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk ejaculation?

A

Oxytocin

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19
Q

How is gonadal sex determined?

A

Gonadal sex is determined on the basis of the gonadal tissue (ovarian/ testicular) present. It is determined by genetic sex.

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20
Q

What determines genetic sex?

A

The sex chromosomes (XX- female) (XY- male)

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21
Q

What is a gonad?

A

An organ which produces gametes (testes or ovaries)

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22
Q

What does hCG stand for and when is it produced?

A

Human Chronic Gonadotrophin is produced by the embryo upon plantation in the wall of the uterus (it is detected by some pregnancy tests)

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23
Q

Which reproductive organs does the mullerian duct develop into?

A

Female reproductive organs

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24
Q

Which reproductive organs does the Wolffian duct develop into?

A

Male reproductive organs

25
Q

What does SRY stand for?

A

Sex determining region Y (found on the Y chromosome)

26
Q

What the transcription of the SRY gene cause?

A

Differentiation of Sertoli cells (formation of male reproductive organs)

27
Q

Where are sertoli cells found and what process are they involved in?

A

They are found in the seminiferous tubule and are involved in spermogenesis

28
Q

What does the differentiation of the sertoli cells cause?

A

The activation of the SOX9 gene, the protein transcribed from this gene helps to inhibit the formation of the female reproductive system

29
Q

What causes Mullerian duct regression in males?

A

An increase in anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and a decrease in aromatase (also called oestrogen synthase - involved in the biosynthesis of oestrogen)

30
Q

What happens when there is no SRY gene? e.g. in females

A

There is a decrease in the transcription of SOX9

31
Q

A decrease in SOX9 causes what?

A

An increase in ovary development factors, a decrease in anti- mullerian hormone (AMH) and an increase in aromatase

32
Q

Is the undifferentiated brain male or female?

A

Female

33
Q

Androgens control which male characteristics?

A

Masculinity (mounting and sexual behaviour), defeminisation (curvature of the spine, sexual receptivity and a surge in LH are all characters associated with females)

34
Q

When is genome imprinting?

A

When one allele from one parent is silenced so only the allele from the other parent is expressed, can be caused by oestrogen in males (females have oestrogen binding proteins to prevent this)

35
Q

When does puberty occur in females?

A

When the release of LH increases in both frequency and amplitude, and when there is a reduce response to negative feedback from oestradiol

36
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinizing hormone

37
Q

What is oestradiol?

A

A major oestrogen produced in the ovaries

38
Q

In males is testosterone produce cyclically or constantly?

A

Constantly

39
Q

What is the difference between the oestrus cycle and the menstral cycle?

A

In the oestrus cycle the endometrium (uterine lining) is reabsorbed but in the menstrual cycle it is shed. Another difference is that animals with an oestrus cycle are only sexually active when they are in oestrus (in heat) compared to menstrual cycle animals which can be sexually active at all times of their cycle.

40
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

The phase of the oestrus or menstrual cycle in which the follicles in the ovary mature

41
Q

What process occurs whilst a follicle is maturing an ovary before ovulation?

A

The Corpus Luteum is formed

42
Q

The primary follicle contains a primary oocyte arrested at which meiotic division?

A

The first

43
Q

Which cell layer develops in the primary and secondary follicles?

A

A single layer of granulosa cells

44
Q

What stimulates ovulation?

A

A surge in LH

45
Q

Which events are caused by a surge in LH?

A

Follicle stops producing oestrogen, meiosis restarts in the oocyte, paracrines PGE2 and PGF2 alpha are produced, follicular cells differentiate into luteal cells

46
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

The late phase of the menstraul cycle or the early stage of the estrous cycle

47
Q

What is the first stage of the luteal phase?

A

The formation of the Corpus Luteum

48
Q

Which hormone maintains the Corpus Luteum?

A

Progesterone

49
Q

During the luteal phase which hormone stimulates the uterus to secrete the paracrine PGF2 alpha?

A

Oxytocin

50
Q

In the event that there has been no implantation of an egg in the uterus, the secretion of PGF2 alpha stimulated by oxytocin initiates what?

A

Luteolysis (the degradation of the corpus luteum), a decrease in progesterone is also needed

51
Q

During the luteal phase which hormone increases the oestrogen receptors in the uterus?

A

Progesterone

52
Q

In pregnancy the production of luteolytic proteins does what?

A

Decreases oxytocin receptors, a decrease in PGF2 alpha synthesis and a prevention of luteolysis

53
Q

Which hormone is required through the whole of pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

54
Q

Progesterone is released from the corpus leutum in the ovaries but in addition it can be released from where?

A

The placenta

55
Q

Which hormone, which is increasing produced during pregnancy suppresses gonadotrophin releasing hormone and gonadotrophin hormone production?

A

Oestrogen

56
Q

High levels of oestrogen do what in a pregnant female?

A

Prepare the cervix and uterus for parturation

57
Q

Which hormone released by the placenta is involved in aiding fetal lung maturation, increasing oestrogen production, decreasing progesterone production and increasing PGF2 alpha release?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

58
Q

High oestrogen levels stimulated what?

A

Increased oxytocin receptors in the smooth muscle tissue of the womb (myometrium)

59
Q

Pressure of the fetus against the cervix, high oxytocin and PGF2 alpha all contribute to what?

A

Uterine contractions

Animal Physiology (5 decks)

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