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Human Biology Unit 1 and 2 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Meiosis

A

The process that produced gametes

it results in 4 haploid cells, all with different genetic makeup

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2
Q

stages of meiosis

A 
interphase
prophase I
metaphase I
anaphase I
telophase I
prophase II
metaphase II
anaphase II
telophase II
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3
Q

interphase

A

interphase - chromosomes duplicate, not visable

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4
Q

prophase I

A

prophase I - “prep phase”: centriole fibres migrate, spindle fibres form, nuclear membrane breaks down

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5
Q

metaphase I

A

metaphase I - homologous chrs line up across equator, centrioles move to opposite sides, spindle fibres attach to chrs

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6
Q

anaphase I

A

anaphase I - homologous chrs pulled to opposite sides of the cell

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7
Q

telophase I

A

cell undergoes cytokinesis - creates 2 separate cells

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8
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid

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9
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

undergoes meiosis I

produces 2 haploid cells

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10
Q

secondary spermatocyte

A

undergoes meiosis II

chromatids are separated to produce 4 haploid cells

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11
Q

spermatid

A

matures in the epididymus

loses some cytoplasm and forms a tail - creates sperm (1n)

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12
Q

spermatogonium

A

diploid cell undergoes mitosis. Sperm move towards seminiferous tubule, become primary spermatocyte

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13
Q

Oogenisis

A

oogonia, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte,ovum

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14
Q

oogonia

A

diploid cell

mitosis occurs before birth

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15
Q

primary oocyte

A

undergoes meiosis I

produces 2 haploid cells - 1st polar body receives half chrs, but less cytoplasm therefore isn’t viable

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16
Q

primary oocyte

A

undergoes meiosis I
chromatids are separated to produce 2 haploid cells
2nd polar body isn’t viable
results in a single ovum

17
Q

ovum

A

haploid cell

during ovulation, the ovum is released into the fallopian tubes

18
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

concerned with changes within the ovary

cycle lasts around 28 days

19
Q

Hormonal changes in ovarian cycle

A

FSH causes a single primary follicle to mature into secondary follicle
Secondary follicle secretes oestrogen, develops into Graafian follicle
Graafian follicle bursts and releases ovum (LH)
corpus luteum secretes progesterone

20
Q

menstrual cycle

A

concerned with changes in the uterus

21
Q

hormonal changes - menstrual cycle

A

gonadatrophin factors stimulate the release of FSH and LH
FSH - matures follicle, which secretes oestrogen
Oestrogen thickens endometrium, increased levels cause FSH to drop
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, maintains the endometrium
corpus luteum amalgamates, shedding endometrium

22
Q

Fertilisation to foetus

A
  1. sperm and ovum meet in the fallopian tubes, forming zygote (single diploid cell)
  2. zygote undergoes mitosis resulting in two diploid cells, which moves along the fallopian tubes
  3. continues to undergo mitosis travelling into the uterus
  4. dividing cell results in a morula after 4-5 days
  5. forms a blastocyst after 7 days - cells are identical, undifferentiated
  6. implantation
  7. differentiation: tri laminar disc (mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm)
23
Q

Blastocyst

A

when first formed, all cells are genetically identical and undifferentiated
after implantation, cells begin to differentiate: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

24
Q

ectoderm

A

gives rise to skin and nervous system

25
Q

mesoderm

A

gives rise to muscles

26
Q

ectoderm

A

gives rise to internal organs

27
Q

Umbilical cord

A

connects the foetus and the placenta

contains two arteries and one vein, carrying blood to and waste from the foetus

28
Q

Stages of birth

A
  1. cervical dilation, contraction of the uterus
  2. expulsion of baby
  3. expulsion of chorion, placenta
29
Q

foetal blood supply modifications

A

foreman ovale
ductus arteriosis
ductus venosus

30
Q

foreman ovale

A

hole in the septum connecting the the left and right atrium; reduces blood flow to the lungs

31
Q

ductus arteriosis

A

connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta; blood flow to the lungs is reduced

32
Q

ductus venosus

A

diverts the oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the vena cava, bypassing the liver

33
Q

Artificial insemination

A

used when sperm can’t naturally fertilise an egg

semen sample is placed around vagina around ovulation

34
Q

Assisted fertilisation

A

drugs used to increase the number of maturing eggs

fertilised by IVF, gamete intrafallopian transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection

35
Q

In vitro fertilisation

A

harvested eggs are combined with semen in a petri dish

resulting embryos are then frozen or implanted into the uterus

36
Q

gamete intrafallopian transfer

A

harvested eggs are combined with the males sperm

mixture is injected into uterus

37
Q

intracytoplasmic fertilisation

A

single sperm injected into the egg

38
Q

Components of semen

A

sperm - produced in the testes
alkaline fluid - neutralises acidic vagina, added by prostate
nutrients - sugary fluid produced by seminal vesicle
lubricating fluid - aids the transportation of sperm, added by Cowper’s gland

Human Biology Unit 1 and 2 (12 decks)

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