Musculo Skeletal System

Question 1

Division of the skeleton

Answer 1

axial skeleton - skull, spinal column, sacrum, ribs, sternum

appendicular skeleton - clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvis, femur, patella, fibular, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 2

Microscopic bone structure

Answer 2

compact/dense bone
spongy bone
epiphysis
bone matrix

Question 3

Compact bone

Answer 3

hard outer shell - makes up the diaphysis

Question 4

spongy bone

Answer 4

a mixture of small bone pieces and red bone marrow

Question 5

yellow bone marrow

Answer 5

found in the centre of the diaphysis - stores fat

Question 6

Epipysis

Answer 6

shaft of the bone

epipyseal line - site of growth

Question 7

bone matrix

Answer 7

non cellular material that separates connective tissue

contains inorganic salts increasing strength and rigidty

Question 8

joints

Answer 8

any site at which 2 or more bones join together, may or may not permit movement
classified according to structure or function

Question 9

Fuction of the skeleton

Answer 9

shape and support, movement, storage of minerals and fats, protection of vital organs, blood cell production

Question 10

Fixed joints

Answer 10

Permits little or no movement

eg. sutures in the skull

Question 11

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 11

slight movement in all directions

eg. humerus and scapular, femur and pelvis

Question 12

Synovial joints

Answer 12

ball and socket joints
hinge joints
pivot joints
gliding joints
saddle joints
ellipsoid joints

Question 13

Ball and socket joints

Answer 13

Rotary motion in all directions

eg. scapular, femur, and pelvis

Question 14

Hinge joints

Answer 14

movement in one direction only

eg. elbow

Question 15

Pivot joints

Answer 15

rotating

eg. axis and atlas

Question 16

Gliding joints

Answer 16

side to side, back and forth

eg. sternum and clavicle, scapula and clavicle

Question 17

Saddle joints

Answer 17

small movements: side to side, back and forth

eg. thumb and metacarpals

Question 18

Ellipsoid joints

Answer 18

up and down, side to side

eg. radius and carpals, metacarpals and phalanges,

Question 19

Synovial structures

Answer 19

fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, bursae, accessory ligaments

Question 20

Fibrous capsule

Answer 20

consists of dense, fibrous connective tissue connected to the periostem of the articulating bones, flexibility allows movement, strength stops dislocation,
Structure that holds bones together

Question 21

Synovial membrane

Answer 21

makes up the inner layer of the capsule
loose connective tissue, well supplied with capillaries
Lines the entire joint; except articular cartilage and disc

Question 22

Synovial fluid

Answer 22

lubricates and provides nourishment for cells, reduces friction
Consists of phagocytes; clears debris
Secreted by synovial membrane

Question 23

Articular cartilage

Answer 23

not in every joint

directs synovial to areas that require it

Question 24

Bursae

Answer 24

sacks of synovial fluid, prevents friction between a bone and ligament, tendon or skin

Question 25

Accessory ligament

Answer 25

holds bones together

Question 26

Joint movement

Answer 26

Adduction - away from the midline
Abduction - towards the midline
Extension - increasing the inner angle of the joint
Flexion - decreasing the inner angle between articulating joints

Question 27

Cartilage

Answer 27

Type of connective tissue that acts as structural support

Nutrition by diffusion from perichondrium

Question 28

Muscles

Answer 28

Made up of contractile tissue; has the capacity to contract and extend, return to original length after stretching

1. contractibility
2. extensibility
3. elasticity

Question 29

types of muscle

Answer 29

1. skeletal (straited)
2. Involuntary (smooth)
3. cardiac

Question 30

Muscle control

Answer 30

can be conscious or unconscious
impulses are delivered through neurons
Either reduce the distance between body parts, or decrease the amount of space they surround

Question 31

Muscle structure

Answer 31

muscle fibres contains parallel myofibrils, made up of myofilaments (actin, myosin)
Muscle contraction - actin and myosin slide past one another

Question 32

Sacromere

Answer 32

a compete straited unit

Question 33

Skeletal muscle

Answer 33

Attached to bones by tendons, pull bones together

Question 34

Antagonist pairs

Answer 34

perform opposing actions
Agonist; desired movement
Antagonist; opposing action
eg. bicep contracts (agonist), triceps relax (antagonist)

Question 35

Origin and insertion

Answer 35

Muscle origin; end attached to stationary bone

muscle insertion; end attached to moving bone