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Phsyiology 210 B > Reproduction 4 - sexual determination and diffrentiation > Flashcards

Reproduction 4 - sexual determination and diffrentiation Flashcards

1
Q

GENETIC SEX

A

Type of sex chromosome

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2
Q

GONADAL SEX

A

Type of gonads: ovaries or testes?

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3
Q

GENITAL OR PHENOTYPIC SEX

A

Type of internal and external genitalia

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4
Q

Chromosomal or genetic sex is determine when?

A

At the exact moment of fertilization

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5
Q

Gonadal sex determine by

A

Chromosomal sex

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6
Q

The presence of what on the Y chromosome dictates male differentiation of bipotential gonads?

A

SRY gene = testes

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7
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Male XXY

  • X impairs spermatogensis
  • osteoporosis
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8
Q

What determines female differentiation of bipotential gonads?

A

A sense of Y chromosome = ovaries

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9
Q

Turner’ syndrome

A

Lack of X chromosome

Female XO = streaked ovaries

  • no uterus
  • no functional follicle = no menstration
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10
Q

Genetically or phenotypic sex determined by

A

Factors produced by gonads

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11
Q

In MALES, Genetically or phenotypic sex determined by

A

The testes secreting MIH from Sertoli cells.

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12
Q

Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH)

A
  • causes regression of Müllerian duct = regression of female tract.
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13
Q

testosterone from leydig cells cause

A

Development of male INTERAL genitalia

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14
Q

Testosterone converts to

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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15
Q

dihydrotestosterone (DHT) causes

A

Masculinization of male EXTERNAL genitalia

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16
Q

What are male external and interal gentalia determined by?

A

Internal = testosterone

External = dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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17
Q

Müllerian duct gives rise to everything of

A

FEMALE structures

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18
Q

Wolffish duct gives rise to everything of

A

MALE structures.

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19
Q

In FEMALES, Genetically or phenotypic sex determined by

A

Absence Testosterone prevents MIH = allows for Müllerian duct to grow = internal genitalia

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20
Q

absence of DHT prevents masculinization of

A

external genitalia

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21
Q

Female differentiation happens by

A

default

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22
Q

Presence of MIH =

Absence of MIH=

A

Presence of MIH = wolffian duct = MALE

Absence of MIH= Müllerian duct = FEMALE

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23
Q

Bipotential gonads can develop to

A

Either testes or ovaries

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24
Q

Bipotential INTERAL genitalia that would give a potential female results in

A

Mullarian ducts = uterus, oviduct…

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25
Q

Bipotential INTERAL genitalia that would give a potential male results in

A

Wolffian ducts = epidiymas, vas defarans, seminal vesicles

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26
Q

Bipotential EXTERNAL gentalia for male and female need:

A

MIS+testosterone +Insl3 = penis (MALE)

No MIH, T, Insl3 = vagina (FEMALE)

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27
Q

What gives rise to wollfian ducts.

A

Testosterone

28
Q

Wolffian ducts and Müllerian ducts give rise to

A

INTERNAL genetalia

29
Q

Which cells secrete MIH and testosterone?

A

Sertoli = MIH

Leydig = testosterone

30
Q

Absence of testosterone leads to the regression f

A

Wolffian ducts

31
Q

Presnece of MIH leads to regression of

A

Müllerian ducts

32
Q

Female EXTERNAL gentalia determines by

A

Absence of testosterone

33
Q

When do male internal and external genetalia develop ?

A

During fetal stage, second trimester where theres a huge spike of testosterone.

34
Q

What does the neonatal peak of testosterone do?

A

contributes to the development of the brain = the convert male hormones to estrogen (another form of steroid hormone), it excerts its function in the brain by being converted to estrogen, which is done through enzyme aromatase.

35
Q

anomaly of sexual determination

A

Pseudohermaphroditism

36
Q

Pseudohermaphroditism

A

When born with the correct chromosome combo, but that doesn’t dictate the genotypic sex of the external genitalia.

38
Q

Pseudohermaphroditism in females:

A
  • XX
  • ovaries
  • outwardly male
  • infertile
  • decreased cortisol = increased ACTH = increased adrenal androgens = masculinization of genitalia.
39
Q

What is female Pseudohermaphroditism caused by

A

Over production of androgens during fetal stage cuz over grown adrenal gland.

40
Q

Pseudohermaphroditism in males

A
  • XY
  • has testes, but is outwardly female
  • androgen insensitivity syndrome
  • no male internal genetalia
  • no male external gentalia
  • female external gentalia
  • CAIS
  • infertile
41
Q

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS):

A

mutation of androgen receptor

42
Q

What’s causes Pseudohermaphroditism in males ?

A

Complete androgen intensity syndrome CAIS

43
Q

CAIS symptoms:

A
  • Genotype 46 XY
  • Female external genitalia
  • Body female-like
  • Breasts develop
  • Androgens are converted to estrogen in target tissues
  • Absence of ovaries and uterus, no menstrual cycles
  • Infertile
44
Q

What causes the overproduction of androgens in fetal stage?

A

Enzyme mutation = decreased cholesterol = decreased cortisol = low ACTH = ACTH converts cholesterol to androgen instead of cortisol.

45
Q

What are androgen made of normally?

A

Made form cortisol, if made form cholesterol = female Pseudohermaphroditism

46
Q

What triggered puberty?

A

Increased secretion of GnRH form use generator in hypo = increased LH and FSH from ant pit = increased sex steroids from gonads = pubertal changes !

47
Q

What alters GnRH secretion at a certain time?

A

A) genetics

B) environment

48
Q

Puberty occurs earlier for

A

Girls then Boys.

49
Q

The low amount of sex steroid produced by ant pit in a prepertal child is very

A

Sensitive to (-) feedback of hypothalamus. That what keeps them low.

50
Q

Hypothalamus- Pituitary - Gonadal Axis in young prepubertal children

(Dormant)

A

Hypothalamus which is under essential suppressor, this causes very low release of GnRH (not absent) = ant pit produces low levels of LH and FSH = low sex steroid production, but is still enough to caused (-) feedback to hypothalamus.

51
Q

Hypothalamus in prepubertal condition is

A

very sensitive to (-) feedback even with very low sex steroid hormones, so the hypothamlus remains in a suppressed state.

52
Q

What’s responsible for keeping the sex steroid low before puberty

A

The high sensitivity to the (-) feedback of the low sex steroid to the hypothalamus

53
Q

Hypothalamus- Pituitary - Gonadal Axis in young prepubertal children

(Re-activated)

A

Leptin from adipose tissue —> kisspeptin (neuropeptide) —-> hypothalamus (GnRH inc)—->
Ant. Pit (increased LH and FSH) —->
gonads (increased sex steroids)
= early puberty

54
Q

Example of female Pseudohermaphroditism

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia = too much androgen production during fetal stage.

55
Q

Gymnasts:

A

delayed onset of puberty

56
Q

Increase in kisspeptin causes

A

Early release of sex steroid = early puberty.

57
Q

Release of kisspeptine is increased by the

A

fat tissue that accumulates prior to puberty, these fatty tissues release leptin

58
Q

Declining endocrinal, somatic, reproductive and psychological functions are known as

A

“climacteric”

59
Q

“climacteric” in females starts with

A

Perimenopause

60
Q

“climacteric” in males starts with

A

Andropause

61
Q

Menopause caused by

A

atresia (run out of follicles as they die out over time)

62
Q

Hormonal changes in menopausal women

A

1) Decrease E, inhibin, progesterone removes (-) feedback = LH and FSH (especially) increase = increased LH:FSH ratio
2) osteoporosis

63
Q

Women is said to be perimenopausal when

A

Follicle numbers fall to 1000

64
Q

What causes for E and inhibin to decrease in menopausal women

A

Decreased follicle # and decrease responsiveness to gonadotropins = decrease estrogen and decrease inhibin

65
Q

Is E still produced after menopause

A

Yes, but lower levels

66
Q

Anorexia nervosa patients:

A

irregular cycles or absence of cycles

Phsyiology 210 B (24 decks)

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