Endocrine 1 Flashcards
Major Hormones of the hypothalamus
- GnRH —> inc LH and FSH
- CRH (corticotropin rh) —> inc ACTH
- TRH (thyrotropin rh) —> inc TSH
- PIH (prolactin Ih) —> dec PRL
- GHRH (GH rh) —>inc GH
- GHIH (GH ih or SS) / somatostatin —> dec GH
Major hormones of the anterior pituitary
- FSH —> stimulate follicle growth
- LH (luteinizing hormone) —> spermatogensis
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) —>inc testosterone sec
- TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) —> inc adrenal steroid sec (T3 and T4)
- PRL (prolactin) —> produce milk
- GH —> inc protein synthesis
Major hormones of the posterior pituitary
- oxytocin (OXY) —> expulsion of milk
- ADH —> increases H2O reabsorption, decrease urine volume.
Major hormones of the adrenal cortex
- glucocorticoids (cortisol) —>
- Mineralocortoids (aldosterone) —> effects metabolism and increases Na+ reabsoption in nephron
(Counter regulatory)
Major hormones of the thyroid hormone
- T3 —> metabolism and growth
- T4 —> metabolism and growth
- calcitonin —> decrease blood Ca+
Major hormones of the parathyroid glands
- parathyroid hormone (PTH) —> increases blood Ca+
Major hormones of the pancreas
- insulin —> lowers blood glucose
- glucagon —> raises blood glucose
(Counter regulatory)
Classifications of hormones based on structure?
1) proteins
2) lipid
3) monamines
Types of protein hormones
1) small peptide (TRH, oxytocin, ADH)
2) polypeptides (insulin, glucagon, GH)
3) glycoproteins (FSH, LH and TSH)
Types of lipid hormones
1) steroids (cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones)
2) eicosanoids (prostaglandin, leukotriens)
Types of monamine hormones
1) catecholamines ( dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline)
2) thyroid hormone ( T3 and T4)
What are steroid hormones made form ? And what is the pathway?
Cholesterol.
Cholosterol —> pregnenolone —> progesterone —> aldosterone, cortisol and (testosterone —> estrogen)
What are eicosanoids made form?
Form arachidonic acid
What are catecholamines made form?
From tyrosine
What are thyroid made form?
From Tyrosine
The four types of ways hormones reach their target
1) endocrine (via blood to distant target)
2) paracrine (via blood to Nearby target)
3) neuroendocrine (AP = stimulates nerve to sec hormone, moves via blood and stored in cell terminal of nerve cell)
4) autocrine (self stimulating, act on itself)
Types of hormone receptors
1) cell surface receptors
2) intercellular receptors
What kind of hormones bind to cell surface receptors ?
Proteins which bind protein hormones and to catecholamines
What kind of hormones bind to cell intracellular receptors ?
Proteins which bind to steroid hormones, and to Thyroid hormones, t3 and T4
Protein hormones are soluble where and not soluble where?
- soluble in aqueous environment
- insoluble in lipid environments
Lipid hormones are soluble where and not soluble where?
- soluble in lipid environments
- insoluble in aqueous environments
Why are surface receptors not inside the cell?
Because they are insoluble in lipid/fat env and cant pass through cell membrane = stay outside
Why are intracellular receptors inside the cell and not outside
They are insoluble in aqueous env but soluble in lipid/fat env, so they can pass through the cell memb
Types of cell surface receptors
1) G-protein receptor: G protein regulate second messenger
- (receptors for adrenaline and glucagon)
2) Catalytic receptors: reactors have enzymatic activity (tyrosine kinase),or closely associated with enzyme after binding to ligand
- (receptors for insulin and GH)