reproduction Flashcards
What is gametogenesis?
The formation of reproductive cells, including oogenesis (female - ovum) and spermatogenesis (male - sperm).
How many chromosomes do gametes have?
23 chromosomes (haploid).
What is the result of the fertilization of a gamete?
A zygote (diploid, 46 chromosomes).
What occurs during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen levels rise.
What triggers ovulation?
LH surge.
What hormone does the corpus luteum produce during the luteal phase?
Progesterone.
Where does conception take place?
In the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
What is the typical duration of pregnancy from LMP?
~40 weeks.
What are the three trimesters of pregnancy?
- 1st: 1–12 weeks
- 2nd: 13–27 weeks
- 3rd: 28–40 weeks
What are biophysical risk factors related to reproduction?
- Genetic conditions
- Nutritional status
- Chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, HTN)
What psychosocial factors can affect reproduction?
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Substance abuse
- Stress
- Mental health disorders
What sociodemographic factors are considered risks in reproduction?
- Age <17 or >35
- Low income
- Lack of prenatal care
- Race/ethnicity disparities
What are teratogens?
Agents that cause malformation or abnormal development in an embryo or fetus.
What is HELLP syndrome?
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets; risk for DIC.
What is the definition of gestational diabetes?
Glucose intolerance after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
What are presumptive signs of pregnancy?
- Nausea/vomiting
- Fatigue
- Amenorrhea
- Breast changes
What are positive signs of pregnancy?
- FHR by Doppler
- Fetal movement felt by examiner
- Ultrasound
What is Chadwick’s sign?
Bluish color of the cervix and vagina due to increased blood flow.
What happens to blood volume during pregnancy?
Increases by 30–50%.
What is the purpose of amniocentesis?
To aspirate amniotic fluid for examination of chromosomal or biochemical abnormalities.
What is the average weight gain recommended for pregnant women with normal BMI?
25–35 lbs.
What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid during pregnancy?
600 mcg.
What are the signs of preeclampsia?
HTN + proteinuria.
What is the normal baseline fetal heart rate range?
110 to 160 beats per minute.
What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
Acts as an endocrine organ producing hormones like hCG, estrogen, and progesterone.
What is the purpose of the contraction stress test (CST)?
To assess the fetal heart rate response to uterine contractions.
What are the disadvantages of external fetal monitoring?
Reduced mobility.
What is the significance of fetal movement assessments?
To monitor fetal well-being, often referred to as ‘kick counts’.
What is the risk associated with poor weight gain during pregnancy?
Low-birth-weight infants, preterm birth, and SGA.
What are the effects of maternal disorders like uncontrolled diabetes on fetal development?
Can cause congenital anomalies.
What is the primary prevention strategy in reproductive health?
Strategies aimed at preventing complications before they occur.
What is the importance of hydration during pregnancy?
Key for maternal and fetal health; recommended 8-10 cups a day.
What should be avoided in food safety during pregnancy?
- Shark, swordfish, mackerel, and tile fish
- Raw or undercooked fish, meats, poultry, or eggs
- Soft cheeses
- Unpasteurized milk products
What is the role of the umbilical cord during fetal circulation?
Cushioned by Wharton’s jelly, it transports blood between the fetus and placenta.
True or False: The foramen ovale is a right-to-left atrial shunt that closes after birth.
True.
What is the purpose of the biophysical profile (BPP)?
To assess fetal well-being by monitoring various parameters like fetal breathing and tone.
In which week of pregnancy would a primigravida anticipate quickening?
20th week
What does ‘primigravida’ refer to?
first pregnancy
By which week of pregnancy may a multipara feel fetal movement?
16th week
What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid for women of childbearing age?
at least 400 micrograms
Which food sources are recommended to meet the folic acid intake?
- Legumes
- Dark-green leafy vegetables
- Citrus fruits
What clinical finding is expected during the third trimester of pregnancy?
Progressive dependent edema
A child born with a missing chromosome is most likely to have which condition?
turner syndrome
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
autosomal recessive single-gene disorder; infant lacks a liver enzyme
What is Down Syndrome also known as?
Trisomy 21
What size would a newborn likely be if the mother had uncontrolled type 1 diabetes during pregnancy?
large for gestational age, near term
How is a negative contraction stress test result interpreted?
The fetus is likely to tolerate the stress of labor; adequate placental support
What is a common cause of nausea and vomiting in the first trimester?
increased human chorionic gonadotropin levels (hCG)
What does ‘lightening’ refer to in pregnancy?
fetus’s head drops low into the uterus; third trimester
What describes striae gravidarum?
reddish streaks on the abdomen and breasts
What is Cholasma (melasma)?
brownish blotches develop on face
What is Chadwick’s sign?
Bluish purple discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia during pregnancy
What causes urinary frequency in the first trimester?
hormones and bladder pressure from the enlarged uterus
According to Naegele’s rule, what is the expected date of birth if the last period started on June 10th?
March 17th
What is Naegele’s rule for calculating EDD?
subtract 3 months from LMP and add 7 days
What changes are caused by melanocyte-stimulating hormone?
- chloasma
- linea nigra
What test or treatment is advised first for a 41-year-old woman in an infertility clinic?
semen analysis
Which medication is administered to trigger ovulation?
clomiphene
What does the term ‘amenorrhea’ indicate?
absence of menstruation
Which test determines fetal lung maturity in preterm labor?
Amniocentesis (2:1 lecithin to sphingomyelin)
What supports the conclusion that a primigravida is 22 weeks gestation?
fundus is just above the umbilicus
What is a consequence of maternal smoking during pregnancy?
low birth weight
With which problem is a low maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein associated?
down syndrome
What indicates that an amniocentesis may be indicated?
family history of genetic abnormalities
Which iron-rich foods should a client with mild anemia in early pregnancy eat?
- Dark leafy green vegetables
- Legumes
- Dried fruits
- Ground beef patty
Why is fetal movement awareness important?
a decrease in fetal movement necessitates an evaluation of fetal well-being
What is the primary reason for avoiding lying on the back during labor?
decreased placental perfusion
Which are presumptive signs of pregnancy at 10 weeks gestation?
- amenorrhea
- breast changes
- urinary frequency
Which prenatal test provides the earliest diagnosis of fetal defects?
chorionic villus sampling
What does a nonstress test evaluate?
the condition of the fetus by comparing fetal heart rate with fetal movement
What is the 15/15 rule in relation to fetal movement?
15 beats with 15 seconds of fetal movement
What direction should a client follow before an ultrasound at the end of the first trimester?
increase fluid intake for 1 hour before the procedure
What does ‘G’ in GTPAL stand for?
number of pregnancies
What does ‘T’ in GTPAL represent?
the number of pregnancies ending >37 weeks’ gestation
What does ‘P’ in GTPAL indicate?
number of deliveries between 20-36 weeks
What does ‘A’ in GTPAL refer to?
Number of terminated pregnancies
What does ‘L’ in GTPAL signify?
number of children currently living
What is Hegar’s sign?
softening of the lower uterine segment
What is Goodell’s sign?
softening of the cervix
What are Braxton Hicks contractions?
intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency
What factors contribute to male infertility?
- abnormalities in sperm
- erections
- ejaculation
- seminal fluid
What is the chance of transmitting an autosomal dominant disorder?
50%
What is the chance of transmitting an autosomal recessive disorder between two carriers?
25%
What is the primary reason for referring someone to a genetic counselor?
family history of genetic abnormalities
What factors contribute to female infertility?
- disorders in ovulation
- abnormalities of fallopian tubes or cervix
- repeated pregnancy loss
What is clomiphene used for?
ovulation medication
What are common side effects of clomiphene?
- Mood swings
- Hot flashes
- Abdominal discomfort
What is assisted reproductive technology (ART)?
any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb
What is IVF (in vitro fertilization)?
eggs are fertilized with sperm in a petri dish
What does gametogenesis refer to?
production of gametes (reproductive cells)
What is ovulation?
release of the mature ovum from the ovary
What is fertilization?
fusion of an egg and sperm cell
What is implantation?
process in which the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus
Where is the best location for implantation?
upper uterus (fundus)
What are chorionic villa?
Fetal portion of the placenta
What is the decidua basalis?
maternal portion of placenta
What is the embryonic stage?
3rd to 8th week after conception, all major body organs are completed
What is the pre-embryonic period?
first 2 weeks after conception
What is the fetal stage?
from 9 weeks after conception till birth
What is Vernix?
a greasy deposit covering the skin of a baby at birth
What is Lanugo?
fine downy hair of newborn infant
What are the patterns of growth and development?
- cephalocaudal
- central to peripheral
- simple to complex
- general to specific
What is considered a full-term pregnancy?
37-42 weeks
What role does estrogen play during pregnancy?
causes uterus to increase in size and weight
What is the role of progesterone during pregnancy?
maintains pregnancy and prepares breasts for lactation
What risks are adolescents at during pregnancy?
- impaired nutrition
- anemia
- infection
Which diagnostic tests are performed for pregnancy?
- CBC
- blood type
- Rh factor
- rubella titer
What does ultrasound assess during pregnancy?
presence and location of pregnancy
When is transvaginal ultrasound done?
during first trimester
When is transabdominal ultrasound done?
during 2nd-3rd trimester
What is amniocentesis used for?
analysis of possible fetal abnormalities
What indicates preeclampsia?
elevated blood pressure with presence of protein in the urine
What is a Biophysical Profile (BPP)?
done in the 3rd trimester; ultrasound and non-stress test
What does a triple or quad screen test for?
chromosomal abnormalities using maternal serum
What does increased AFP indicate?
neural tube defect
What does decreased AFP indicate?
Down syndrome
What does a non-stress test assess?
increased fetal heart rate with fetal movement
What does a Contraction Stress Test (CST) determine?
baby’s ability to handle contractions during birth
When is surfactant produced in fetal development?
around week 24
