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Year 11 Human Biology Exam > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Consist of two testicles, or testes, were spermatozoa are produced.

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2
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

A pair of pouch like organs about 5cm. They secrete a thick fluid that is rich in sugars and makes up 60% of the volume in semen.

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3
Q

Prostate gland

A

Secretes an alkaline fluid that helps activate sperm.

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4
Q

Epididymis

A

Stores sperm while they finish maturing

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5
Q

Scrotum

A

Holds the testes, and regulates temperature of the testes.

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6
Q

Urethra

A

Carries semen and urine out of the body

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7
Q

Foreskin

A

Covers the head or end of the penis

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8
Q

Vas deferens

A

Carries sperm to the urethra

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9
Q

Female reproductive system

A

The primary sex organs of the female are the 2 ovaries.

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10
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Carries eggs to uterus

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11
Q

Fimbriae

A

Tiny finger like projections, direct eggs into uterine tubes

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12
Q

Ovary

A

Produces eggs and hormones

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13
Q

Uterus

A

Contains embryo/foetus during pregnancy

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14
Q

Clitoris

A

Small, sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva, near where the inner labia meet. It is made up of erectile tissue, similar to the tissue found in the penis, and its primary function is sexual pleasure.

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15
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • Occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the testes
  • Spermatogonia undergo mitosis
  • Primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I
  • Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II
  • Spermatids then spermatozoa
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16
Q

Oogenesis before birth

A
  • Begins with oogonia during foetal development
  • Oogonia develop into primary primary oocytes which enter meiosis I but pause at prophase I until puberty
  • At puberty one primary oocyte completes meiosis I producing a secondary oocyte and a small polar body
17
Q

Ovarian cycle

A
  • Involves maturation of egg and release into uterine tubes
  • Average cycle: 28 days
  • Divided into 2 phases: Follicular and luteal
18
Q

Hormones involved in Ovarian cycle

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Oestrogen
  • HCG
  • Progesterone
19
Q

Structures involved in Ovarian cycle

A

Ovarian follicles: Develop and mature in response to FSH

Corpus luteum: Forms ruptured follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone

Pituitary Gland: Releases FSH and LH

20
Q

Follicular phase

A
  • Starts with menstruation
  • FSH promotes follicle growth
  • Rising oestrogen levels cause the endometrium to thicken
  • Oestrogen eventually triggers increase in LH, leading to ovulation
  • Days 1-14
21
Q

Ovulation

A

LH surge causes mature follicle to rupture, releasing an egg

Egg travels through the fallopian tube where fertilization may occur

  • Day 14
22
Q

Luteal phase

A
  • Ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone
  • Progesterone maintains the endometrium
  • If fertilization does not occur corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a drop in progesterone and start of menstruation
23
Q

Structures involved in Mensural cycle

A
  • Ovaries: House the follicles and release the egg during ovulation
  • Endometrium: Where cycle leads to either the shedding or lining
  • Pituitary gland: Releases FSH and LH

Corpus luteum: A temporary structure formed after ovulation, secreting progesterone

24
Q

Menstrual Cycle Stages

A
  • Menstruation (Day 1-4)
  • Pre-Ovulation (Day 5-12)
  • Ovulation (Day 13-15)
  • Secretion (Day 16-20)
  • Pre-menstruation (Day 21-28)
25
Q

Mestruation

A

Dead endometrial tissue sheds causing bleeding

26
Q

Pre-Ovulation

A
  • Uterus renews itself for possible pregnancy
  • Endometrial tissue begins to grow
27
Q

Ovulation (Menstrual cycle)

A
  • Follicle ruptures and egg is released
28
Q

Secretion

A
  • Preparing for possible implantation
  • Endometrium continues thickening (from corpus luteum secreting progesterone)
  • Blood supply increases
29
Q

Pre Mensturation

A

If no fertilisation: Corpus luteum degenerates reducing progesterone levels

Results in endometrial breakdown

30
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in the ovaries.

Initiates estrogen production in the ovaries.

Plays a key role in regulating the menstrual and ovarian cycles.

31
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

A
  • Produced by the placenta shortly after fertilization.
  • Supports the corpus luteum, allowing it to continue producing progesterone in early pregnancy.
32
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • Triggers ovulation by causing the mature follicle to release an egg from the ovary.
  • Stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone after ovulation.
33
Q

Oestrogen

A
  • Produced primarily in the ovaries, it regulates the menstrual cycle
  • Helps thicken the endometrial lining of the uterus in preparation for potential pregnancy.
34
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth (labour) and helps with the delivery of the baby.

Promotes the ejection of milk from the mammary glands during breastfeeding

35
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation and later by the placenta during pregnancy.

Prepares and maintains the endometrial lining for implantation of a fertilized egg.

Inhibits uterine contractions during pregnancy to help sustain a growing foetus.

36
Q

Testosterone

A

Produced primarily by the testes, it is essential for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., deep voice, body hair, muscle mass).

Regulates libido (sex drive), bone mass, fat distribution, and sperm production.

Stimulates the growth of reproductive tissues, including the testes and prostate.

37
Q

Prolactin

A

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland, it stimulates milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth.

Plays a role in suppressing ovulation during breastfeeding

Year 11 Human Biology Exam (13 decks)

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