Circulatory and lymphatic system

Question 1

Heart function

Answer 1

The pump that pushes blood around the body.

Question 2

Pathway of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Answer 2

Oxygenated blood flows through the left side of the heart and body, while deoxygenated blood flows through the right side,

Question 3

Components of blood

Answer 3

• Plasma: 55% (liquid)
• Erythrocytes: (RBCS 40-45%)
• Leucocytes: (WBCS 1%)

Question 4

Transport of O2

Answer 4

• O2 diffuses from area of high concentration to low concentration
• Alveoli -> blood capillaries
• 3% dissolved in plasma
• 97% combines with haemoglobin in RBC
• Haemoglobin (Hb) + O2 = oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2)
• O2 released from haemoglobin when near body cells
• Blood capillaries -> tissue fluid around cells -> cells

Question 5

Transport of CO2

Answer 5

• CO2 diffuses from area of high concentration to low concentration
• Cells -> blood capillaries
• 8% dissolved in plasma
• 22% combines with globin part of haemoglobin in RBC
• Haemoglobin (Hb) + CO2 = carbaminohaemoglobin (HbNHCOOH)
• 70% as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma
• Reacts with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
• Carbonic acid ionises into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions
• CO2 diffuses from area of high concentration to low concentration
• Blood capillaries -> alveoli -> air
• Carbaminohaemoglobin breaks down and CO2 released from RBCs
• Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions recombine to form carbonic acid
• Carbonic acid breaks down into water and CO2

Question 6

Arteries

Answer 6

Thick, muscular, and elastic walls
Carry blood away from the heart, usually oxygenated (except pulmonary arteries).

Question 7

Veins

Answer 7

Thin walls with less muscle and fewer elastic fibres. Carry blood toward the heart, usually deoxygenated (except pulmonary veins).

Question 8

Capillaries

Answer 8

Very thin walls (only one cell thick). Allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.

Question 9

Blood clotting function

Answer 9

To minimise blood loss from the broken vessels and prevent the entry of infecting micro organisms.

Question 10

Blood clotting process

Answer 10

1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet Plug
3. Coagulation
4. Clot retraction
5. Scab formation

Question 11

Vasoconstriction

Answer 11

The muscles in the walls of the small arteries constrict immediately to reduce blood flow, and therefore blood loss.

Question 12

Platelet plug

Answer 12

Plug is built up at the site of the injury, release substances that act as vasoconstrictors.

Question 13

Coagulation

Answer 13

FOR MORE SERIOUS INJURIES coagulation is necessary. Fibrin threads form a mesh that traps blood cells, platelets and plasma

Question 14

Lymphatic system function

Answer 14

To collect the liquid that escapes from the blood capillaries and return it to the circulatory system. And regulates blood volume.

Question 15

Lymphatic system structure

Answer 15

• A network of lymph capillaries joined to larger lymph vessels
• Lymph nodes, which are located along the length of some vessels.

Question 16

Lymph node

Answer 16

An oval or bean shaped organ that filters lymph, traps pathogens and debris.

Question 17

Lymph vessel

Answer 17

Thin walled tube that transports lymph to and from lymph nodes.

Question 18

Lymph capillary

Answer 18

Microscopic single layered tube that collects excess fluid from tissues.

Question 19

Antigens and Antibodies for Type A

Answer 19

Antigen: Antigen A
Antibody: Anti B

Question 20

Antigens and Antibodies for Type B

Answer 20

Antigen: Antigen B
Antibodies: Anti A

Question 21

Antigens and Antibodies for Type AB

Answer 21

Antigens: Antigens A and B
Antibodies: NONE

Question 22

Antigens and Antibodies for Type O

Answer 22

Antigens: Neither
Antibodies: Anti A and B

Question 23

Rh Blood groups

Answer 23

Rh antigens on surface of RBCs
Rh antigens are proteins
Person with Rh antigens are Rh positive
Person without Rh antigens are Rh negative
Person without Rh antigens is able to produce an anti-Rh antibody that reacts against those antigens
Rh positive individuals cannot produce an anti-Rh antibody

Question 24

Whole Blood transfusion

Answer 24

Blood taken from the donor but with a chemical added to prevent clotting. Mainly used in cases of severe blood loss.

Question 25

Red cell concentrates

Answer 25

Most widely used component of blood. Made my centrifuging whole blood to separate cells from the plasma.

Question 26

Platelet concentrates

Answer 26

Given to patients who have abnormal platelets or a reduced number of platelets.

Question 27

Cryoprecipitate

Answer 27

Obtained by freezing the plasma and thawing it slowly. Often most used for severe bleeding.

Question 28

Immunoglobins

Answer 28

A group of proteins that act as antibodies; extracted from plasma of suitable donors.

Question 29

Autologous transfusion

Answer 29

Patients own blood is used. Blood collected from patient prior to operation that may be require a transfusion.