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NAVLE > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Where are steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) produced?

A

Gonads
Adrenal glands
Placenta

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2
Q

HPG Axis

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Gonadal

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3
Q

What is an ovarian follicle? What hormone does it produce?

A
  • Fluid-filled structure on the ovary containing a soon-to-be ovulated oocyte
  • Estrogen
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4
Q

What is a corpus luteum? What hormone does it produce?

A
  • A previous follicle that converts from estrogen production to progesterone production under the influence of LH
  • Progesterone
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5
Q

Where are leydig cells located? What hormone do they produce?

A
  • Testes
  • Testosterone
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6
Q

Why are Sertoli cells considered “nurse cells”?

A

Nurture sperm as they develop

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7
Q

What hormone am I?
- Responsible for standing behavior
- Open cervix
- Stimulate moisture in vagina
- Increase thickness of vaginal epithelium
- Increases immune protection of the uterus

A

Estrogen

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8
Q

What hormone am I?
- Responsible for maintaining pregnancy
- Closes the cervix
- Vagina dry
- Vaginal epithelium thin
- Stimulates glandular development in the uterus to support a pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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9
Q

What hormone is responsible for inducing ovulation?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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10
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates follicular development on the ovaries

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11
Q

What does prolactin do?

A
  • Target cells in the mammary gland for lactation
  • Maternal behavior
  • Support CL in queen and bitch
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12
Q

What hormone is responsible for milk let down and uterine contractions? Where is it produced?

A

Oxytocin
Posterior pituitary

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13
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to estrogen?

A

Aromatase - used in breast cancer treatment

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14
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of testosterone into DHT?

A

5 alpha reductase

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15
Q

What species are considered short-day breeders?

A

Goats and sheep

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16
Q

What species are considered long-day breeders?

A

Cat, horse, ferret

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17
Q

Name the phases of the estrous cycle

A

Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus
Anestrus

(Not all females exhibit each phase)

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18
Q

During proestrus, what structure is undergoing regression?

A

CL from previous cycle
P4 levels start to fall (<1ng/ml)

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19
Q

How long is the cow cycle?

A

21 days

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20
Q

How long is a cow in estrus?

A

<24 hours

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21
Q

What is different about ovulation in cows?

A

Ovulation occurs ~28 hours AFTER estrus

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22
Q

What two phases of the estrous cycle do mares go through?

A

Estrus and diestrus
+ Anestrus during short days (winter months)

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23
Q

How long is the equine cycle? How many days do they spend in estrous?

A

21 days
3-9 days

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24
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in the ewe? Does? What kind of breeders are they??

A

Ewe - 17d
Does - 21d
Short day

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25
Q

Cycle length in sow? How many days in estrus?

A

21 days
1-3 days

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26
Q

What is special about the hormone profile of dogs during estrus?

A

Rising progesterone, declining estrogen

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27
Q

How long is proestrus in the bitch? What are clinical signs?

A

9 days
High estrogen, low progesterone
Vulvar swelling
Serosanguinous vaginal discharge

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28
Q

What is required for ovulation to occur in the queen?

A

Breeding or induction
“Induced ovulators”

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29
Q

A cat goes through estrus but is NOT bred…when do you expect her next estrus to begin? What is this phase called?

A

8-10 days; interestrus

30
Q

A cat is bred during estrus, but does not become pregnant. What happens?

A

Pseudopregnancy
40 days

31
Q

A cat is bred and becomes pregnant. How long are they pregnant for?

A

~60d

32
Q

How frequently do new follicular waves occur?

A

Every 8-12 days
Even through periods of anestrus and pregnancy

33
Q

What must occur in order for a follicle to progress into a dominant follicle?

A

Luteolysis of CL from previous cycle

34
Q

How long is metestrus? What structure is present?

A

5 days
Corpus hemorrhagicum (site of ovulation)

35
Q

How long is the sow cycle? How many follicular waves do they have?

A

21 days
1 follicular wave

36
Q

Cytologically, how can you determine the presence of estrogen?

A

Cornified stratified squamous epithelium

37
Q

Describe the cytologically appearance of proestrus

A

Cornified epithelial cells
RBCs
WBCs
Debris

38
Q

A bitch in estrus will have >____% superficial epithelial cells

A

90

39
Q

What kind of cells are present on vaginal cytology in diestrus?

A

Parabasilar cells (fried eggs)
Neutrophils! - clean up crew after cervix has been open

40
Q

Interestrus interval of the bitch

A

4 mo - 12 mo

41
Q

Why can’t prostaglandin be used to lyse the CL prior to 5 days post-ovulation?

A

PGF2a receptors aren’t present until 5 days after ovulation

42
Q

A mare is accidentally bred by a stallion. O doesn’t want this mare pregnant. What do you do?

A

Wait 14 days and give lutalyse.
9 days to account for estrus then 5 days for receptors to form

43
Q

How is ovulation induced in horses?

A

want a 35mm follicle
- LH analog = hCG
- GnRH analog = Deslorelin

44
Q

What medications can be used to suppress estrus?

A
  • Progesterone
45
Q

Which species are luteal independent?

A

Cow, ewe, mare

46
Q

Which synchronization program is used in dairy cows? Beef?

A

OV-Synch = Dairy
Co-Synch = Beef

47
Q

Describe OV-synch

A

Day 0: GnRH - recruit new wave
Day 7: PGF2a - lyse CL
Day 9: GnRH - ovulation

48
Q

Describe CO-synch

A

Day 1: GnRH - new follicular wave
Day 7: PGF2a - lyse CL
66 hours later: GnRH and AI

49
Q

Passing spermiogram requirements for bulls/bucks/rams

A

> 70% morphologically
30% progressively motile

50
Q

When can the membrane slip be felt in bovine palpation?

A

35d

51
Q

When is the amniotic vesicle palpated in a cow?

A

32-35d

52
Q

When can a bovine fetus be palpated?

A

65 days

53
Q

When are placentomes palpable in bovine?

A

80d - eraser
90d - dime
120d - quarter
150d - half dollar

54
Q

When can pregnancy be determined in the mare? What is the preferred method?

A

14 days; ultrasound

55
Q

When is the breeding season of horses?

A

April thru October

56
Q

Estrus behavior of a mare

A

Urinating, winking, tail lifting, standing

57
Q

Breeding options in mare

A

Every other day beginning on the second day of estrus until mare goes out or heat OR within 24-48 hours prior to ovulation (using ultrasound)

58
Q

How long is diestrus in the horse?

A

14-16 days

59
Q

Side effects associated with PGF2a administration in the mare

A

Mare CL more sensitive than cows (lower dose)
SE: sweating, abdominal cramps, increased GI motility/colic, increased HR, muscle weakness and balance problems

SE last up to 60 minutes

60
Q

How to induce ovulation in the mare?

A

Increase light exposure (16 hours light/day)

61
Q

When does foal heat occur?

A

First ovulation occurs 9-10 days after foaling

62
Q

What is the most common tumor of the equine ovary?

A
  • Granulosa (Theca) Cell Tumor
  • Increased testosterone
  • Behavioral changes: aggression, stallion like behavior, markedly prolonged estrus, anestrus
  • Treatment: ovariectomy
63
Q

How is GCT/GTCT diagnosed?

A

Increased AMH, increased Inhibin
U/S
Rectal palpation

64
Q

Treatment for persistent CL in mare?

A

Prostaglandins - lyse CL that is continuing progesterone production

65
Q

What are endometrial cups?

A

Secrete eCG
“Additional CL”
Take 2-3 months to regress…anestrus until then

66
Q

T/F: Rectovaginal tears should be repaired the day they occur, if possible.

A

False - repair after 6 weeks, allowing granulation tissue to form

67
Q

Cause of contagious equine metritis?

A
  • Taylorella equigenitalis
  • CS: copious grey vulvar discharge, asymptomatic
  • REPORTABLE
68
Q

Causative agent of dourine

A

Trypanasoma equiperidum
“Silver dollar plaques on the ribs”

69
Q

What is feline mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia?

A

Mammary hypertrophy
Common in young, intact female cats
Treatment: OHE

70
Q

What hormone is responsible for CEH?

A

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
Progesterone!

71
Q

What is the most important potential consequence of CEH?

A

Pyometra

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