Bovine Flashcards
Name the three parapoxviruses. Which of these are zoonotic?
Contagious ecthyma of sheep and goats
Bovine papillary stomatitis
Pseudocowpox
ALL of the above
What signs might help differentiate bovine papular stomatitis from BVD in a calf?
Lack of GI signs
More significant oral lesions
Lice have ______ legs, while ticks and mites have ______ legs
6; 8
What kind of neoplasia causes “cancer eye”?
T/F: Cancer eye is attributable to sun exposure and can be prevented with sunscreen.
SCC
False - Genetic heritable component in addition to sunlight, pigmentation, and nutrition
You see a raise bump with a hole on the back of your cow. What is this? With what and when can we treat?
Hypoderma larvae
Treat with maclacs or organophosphate in the early fall
What is meant by “rumen drinking”?
Esophageal groove dysfunction leading to milk entering rumen and undergoing fermentation
Leads to rumen acidosis - mucosal inflammation of rumen, parakeratosis of rumen epithelium, white and sticky feces
Which test is the most sensitive and specific for detecting BLV in a herd =?
ELISA to detect antibodies to BLV
Describe primary photosensitization
Photodynamic agents are absorbed from GIT
(St. John’s wort, buckwheat, bishop’s weed, spring parsley)
Describe secondary photosensitization
Liver’s excretion of phylloerythrin is impaired d/t liver damage
Ex. Aflatoxins cause liver damage and liver can no longer excrete phylloerythrin
What is mucosal disease?
Severe form of BVD
Occurs when animal born with non-CPE is superinfected with CPE or the virus transforms into CPE
Severe ulcerations form throughout GIT and can result in death
How many teeth in cows, sheep, and goats? What is the dental formula?
32
0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3
What causes ARDS in cattle?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Transition to lush pasture and ingestion of L-tryptophan that is converted to 3MI
3MI is pneumotoxic and causes pulmonary edema
What causes ARDS in cattle?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Transition to lush pasture and ingestion of L-tryptophan that is converted to 3MI
3MI is pneumotoxic and causes pulmonary edema
normal rumen pH
6.2-7
normal rumen pH
6.2-7
Holding layer for right paramedial incision
External sheath of the rectus abdominus muscle
What is postparturient hemoglobinuria?
Phosphorus levels less than 2mg/dL resulting in hemolysis in lactating cows
A lactating cow is diagnosed with mastitis and the organism is identified as Mycoplasma bovis. What do you recommend?
Culling
Very poor response to treatment and very contagious
Other forms of mastitis respond to frequent milking, anti-inflammatories, and antibiotics
What is the most common arrhythmia in cattle?
Atrial fibrillation - often secondary to GI or electrolyte abnormalities
What effect does gossypol have on calves? What about adults?
Calves - cardiotoxin
Adults - sterility in bulls, decreased conception in cows
How does moldy sweet clover result in coagulopathy?
Inhibits vitamin K
T/F: meat from cattle with lymphoma can be processed for human consumption
False - cannot be used, recommended to euthanize
In an animal that has nitrate poisoning, what would you expect their gums to look like? Why?
Chocolate brown
Nitrates convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin which cannot bind or transport oxygen
Placentomes are palpable between _______days
75-90
Reach half dollar coin size at 150d
When is the uterine artery fremitus felt bilaterally in a pregnant cow?
6-7mo
What happens to a fetus infected with BVD before 100-120d?
PI - still possible to abort or be a stillbirth
What is the most common arrhythmia in cattle?
Atrial fibrillation
Describe cor pulmonale
Effects of lung dysfunction on the heart
Pulmonary hypertension leading to right ventricular hypertrophy, dilation, or failure
Primary cause of cor pulmonale in cattle
High-Mountain Disease (High-Altitude or Brisket disease)
Pathogenesis of high mountain disease
High altitudes (5000ft) leading to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (vasculature surrounding alveoli that are poorly ventilated constricts), which causes pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure
T/F: genetics plays a role in high mountain disease
True - evidence suggests that the susceptibility f cattle to hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension is inherited
How is high mountain disease diagnosed?
Visible clinical signs of RV failure
Pulmonary arterial catheterization and PAP testing (>50mmHg)
Treatment of HMD
Thoracocentesis
Relocation to lower altitude
Selective breeding for cattle resistant to hypoxia through the use of PAP measurement
Factors that predispose cattle to endocarditis
Chronic bacteremia
Damage to valvular leaflet endothelium
What valve is most commonly affected by endocarditis in cattle?
Tricuspid valve - clinical signs are related to R sided heart failure
What bacteria is commonly implicated in bovine bacterial endocarditis?
Truperella pyogenes
Clinical signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Anorexia, fever, drop in milk, rumen atony and tympany, abdominal pain, arched back
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis/pericarditis prevention
Magnet administration
Treatment of atrial fibrillation
Quinidine
Broad causes of ruminal tympany (“bloat”)
Frothy bloat
Free gas bloat - excessive gas and low pH
Free gas bloat - obstruction (thoracic inlet, base of heart, post pharyngeal)
Pathogenesis of frothy bloat
Diets of legumes or alfalfa are rich in soluble proteins which form bubbles
Clinical signs of bloat
Distension of the LPF, which may extend to the right depending on severity
Neck stretched out
Increased heart rate
Staggering
Down, death
At what life stage is hardware disease most commonly associated with?
Late pregnancy or post calving b/c decreased space or increase in pressure
Discuss rumen acidosis
Excessive consumption of readily fermentable carbohydrates
Proliferation of Streptococcus bovis and lactate production
Decreased rumen pH (<5)
Bacteria and Protozoa die off
Lactobacilli take over
Lactate increases rumen osmolality, drawing in water
Define vagal indigestion
Abdominal distension d/t ruminoreticular distention
Define type 1 vagal indigestion
Decreased rumen contractility, failure to educate, and free gas bloat d/t defect of vagal nerve
Often associated with pneumonia in young calves, but can be due to trauma
Type II vagal indigestion is due to the failure of ____________
Omasal transport
Type III vagal indigestion is due to obstruction of the _______
Abomasum
What metabolic changes do we see in cases of type III vagal indigestion?
Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
Paradoxical aciduria
Prognosis for displaced abomasum
Good for simple LDA and RDA, poor for RTA
Diarrhea prior to correction lowers prognosis
Abomasal ulcers are commonly associated with _____
Stress! (Calving, lactation)
Clinical signs of abomasal ulcers
Colic
Decreased rumen motility
Off feed
Melena, dark feces, anemia
Acute death
Diagnosis of abomasal ulcers
History
Grunt test
Fecal occult blood
Three prime locations for an esophageal obstruction
Pharynx, base of heart, thoracic inlet
Why can cows become acidotic with choke?
B/c can’t swallow saline, which contains shit ton of bicarbonate
When is choke most likely to reoccur?
Within 24 hours following relief of initial choke
Causative agent and common name of paratuberculosis in ruminants
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
Johne’s Disease
T/F: Johne’s has 20-90% prevalence in most major dairy producing countries
True - WW distribution
Transmission of MAP
Fecal-oral
Pathogenesis of Johne’s
Ingestion/in utero and uptake in Peyer’s patches of lower small intestine
Phagocytosed by macrophages and spreads to regional LN
Provokes a chronic granulomatous enteritis that interferes with nutrient uptake
How to diagnose Johne’s in ruminants?
PCR
MAP may be related to what disease in humans
Crohn Disease
T/F: MAP is easily disinfected and dies rapidly in environment
False - can survive prolonged periods in the environment including soil and water
Why is eradication of Johne’s difficult?
Most infected animals are subclinical
Enlarged _______ LN are hallmark of Johne’s
Mesenteric
Hematology and chemistry with Johne’s may show…
Hypoalbuminemia
ACD
Why is fecal culture not ideal for Johne’s?
Slow growing (16 weeks) and low sensitivity
What about vaccination for Johne’s?
Vaccine exists, but only reduces clinical signs and has not effect on infection itself
Animals vaccinated will test positive for TB, which is important because all dairy cattle in US are TB tested, so this would lead to a lot of confusion
