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NAVLE > Bovine > Flashcards

Bovine Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three parapoxviruses. Which of these are zoonotic?

A

Contagious ecthyma of sheep and goats
Bovine papillary stomatitis
Pseudocowpox

ALL of the above

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2
Q

What signs might help differentiate bovine papular stomatitis from BVD in a calf?

A

Lack of GI signs
More significant oral lesions

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3
Q

Lice have ______ legs, while ticks and mites have ______ legs

A

6; 8

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4
Q

What kind of neoplasia causes “cancer eye”?

T/F: Cancer eye is attributable to sun exposure and can be prevented with sunscreen.

A

SCC

False - Genetic heritable component in addition to sunlight, pigmentation, and nutrition

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5
Q

You see a raise bump with a hole on the back of your cow. What is this? With what and when can we treat?

A

Hypoderma larvae

Treat with maclacs or organophosphate in the early fall

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6
Q

What is meant by “rumen drinking”?

A

Esophageal groove dysfunction leading to milk entering rumen and undergoing fermentation

Leads to rumen acidosis - mucosal inflammation of rumen, parakeratosis of rumen epithelium, white and sticky feces

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7
Q

Which test is the most sensitive and specific for detecting BLV in a herd =?

A

ELISA to detect antibodies to BLV

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8
Q

Describe primary photosensitization

A

Photodynamic agents are absorbed from GIT
(St. John’s wort, buckwheat, bishop’s weed, spring parsley)

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9
Q

Describe secondary photosensitization

A

Liver’s excretion of phylloerythrin is impaired d/t liver damage

Ex. Aflatoxins cause liver damage and liver can no longer excrete phylloerythrin

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10
Q

What is mucosal disease?

A

Severe form of BVD

Occurs when animal born with non-CPE is superinfected with CPE or the virus transforms into CPE

Severe ulcerations form throughout GIT and can result in death

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11
Q

How many teeth in cows, sheep, and goats? What is the dental formula?

A

32

0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3

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12
Q

What causes ARDS in cattle?

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Transition to lush pasture and ingestion of L-tryptophan that is converted to 3MI

3MI is pneumotoxic and causes pulmonary edema

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13
Q

What causes ARDS in cattle?

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Transition to lush pasture and ingestion of L-tryptophan that is converted to 3MI

3MI is pneumotoxic and causes pulmonary edema

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14
Q

normal rumen pH

A

6.2-7

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15
Q

normal rumen pH

A

6.2-7

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16
Q

Holding layer for right paramedial incision

A

External sheath of the rectus abdominus muscle

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17
Q

What is postparturient hemoglobinuria?

A

Phosphorus levels less than 2mg/dL resulting in hemolysis in lactating cows

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18
Q

A lactating cow is diagnosed with mastitis and the organism is identified as Mycoplasma bovis. What do you recommend?

A

Culling

Very poor response to treatment and very contagious

Other forms of mastitis respond to frequent milking, anti-inflammatories, and antibiotics

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19
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia in cattle?

A

Atrial fibrillation - often secondary to GI or electrolyte abnormalities

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20
Q

What effect does gossypol have on calves? What about adults?

A

Calves - cardiotoxin
Adults - sterility in bulls, decreased conception in cows

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21
Q

How does moldy sweet clover result in coagulopathy?

A

Inhibits vitamin K

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22
Q

T/F: meat from cattle with lymphoma can be processed for human consumption

A

False - cannot be used, recommended to euthanize

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23
Q

In an animal that has nitrate poisoning, what would you expect their gums to look like? Why?

A

Chocolate brown

Nitrates convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin which cannot bind or transport oxygen

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24
Q

Placentomes are palpable between _______days

A

75-90

Reach half dollar coin size at 150d

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25
Q

When is the uterine artery fremitus felt bilaterally in a pregnant cow?

A

6-7mo

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26
Q

What happens to a fetus infected with BVD before 100-120d?

A

PI - still possible to abort or be a stillbirth

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27
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia in cattle?

A

Atrial fibrillation

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28
Q

Describe cor pulmonale

A

Effects of lung dysfunction on the heart
Pulmonary hypertension leading to right ventricular hypertrophy, dilation, or failure

29
Q

Primary cause of cor pulmonale in cattle

A

High-Mountain Disease (High-Altitude or Brisket disease)

30
Q

Pathogenesis of high mountain disease

A

High altitudes (5000ft) leading to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (vasculature surrounding alveoli that are poorly ventilated constricts), which causes pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure

31
Q

T/F: genetics plays a role in high mountain disease

A

True - evidence suggests that the susceptibility f cattle to hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension is inherited

32
Q

How is high mountain disease diagnosed?

A

Visible clinical signs of RV failure
Pulmonary arterial catheterization and PAP testing (>50mmHg)

33
Q

Treatment of HMD

A

Thoracocentesis
Relocation to lower altitude
Selective breeding for cattle resistant to hypoxia through the use of PAP measurement

34
Q

Factors that predispose cattle to endocarditis

A

Chronic bacteremia
Damage to valvular leaflet endothelium

35
Q

What valve is most commonly affected by endocarditis in cattle?

A

Tricuspid valve - clinical signs are related to R sided heart failure

36
Q

What bacteria is commonly implicated in bovine bacterial endocarditis?

A

Truperella pyogenes

37
Q

Clinical signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis

A

Anorexia, fever, drop in milk, rumen atony and tympany, abdominal pain, arched back

38
Q

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis/pericarditis prevention

A

Magnet administration

39
Q

Treatment of atrial fibrillation

A

Quinidine

40
Q

Broad causes of ruminal tympany (“bloat”)

A

Frothy bloat
Free gas bloat - excessive gas and low pH
Free gas bloat - obstruction (thoracic inlet, base of heart, post pharyngeal)

41
Q

Pathogenesis of frothy bloat

A

Diets of legumes or alfalfa are rich in soluble proteins which form bubbles

42
Q

Clinical signs of bloat

A

Distension of the LPF, which may extend to the right depending on severity
Neck stretched out
Increased heart rate
Staggering
Down, death

43
Q

At what life stage is hardware disease most commonly associated with?

A

Late pregnancy or post calving b/c decreased space or increase in pressure

44
Q

Discuss rumen acidosis

A

Excessive consumption of readily fermentable carbohydrates
Proliferation of Streptococcus bovis and lactate production
Decreased rumen pH (<5)
Bacteria and Protozoa die off
Lactobacilli take over
Lactate increases rumen osmolality, drawing in water

45
Q

Define vagal indigestion

A

Abdominal distension d/t ruminoreticular distention

46
Q

Define type 1 vagal indigestion

A

Decreased rumen contractility, failure to educate, and free gas bloat d/t defect of vagal nerve
Often associated with pneumonia in young calves, but can be due to trauma

47
Q

Type II vagal indigestion is due to the failure of ____________

A

Omasal transport

48
Q

Type III vagal indigestion is due to obstruction of the _______

A

Abomasum

49
Q

What metabolic changes do we see in cases of type III vagal indigestion?

A

Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
Paradoxical aciduria

50
Q

Prognosis for displaced abomasum

A

Good for simple LDA and RDA, poor for RTA
Diarrhea prior to correction lowers prognosis

51
Q

Abomasal ulcers are commonly associated with _____

A

Stress! (Calving, lactation)

52
Q

Clinical signs of abomasal ulcers

A

Colic
Decreased rumen motility
Off feed
Melena, dark feces, anemia
Acute death

53
Q

Diagnosis of abomasal ulcers

A

History
Grunt test
Fecal occult blood

54
Q

Three prime locations for an esophageal obstruction

A

Pharynx, base of heart, thoracic inlet

55
Q

Why can cows become acidotic with choke?

A

B/c can’t swallow saline, which contains shit ton of bicarbonate

56
Q

When is choke most likely to reoccur?

A

Within 24 hours following relief of initial choke

57
Q

Causative agent and common name of paratuberculosis in ruminants

A

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
Johne’s Disease

58
Q

T/F: Johne’s has 20-90% prevalence in most major dairy producing countries

A

True - WW distribution

59
Q

Transmission of MAP

A

Fecal-oral

60
Q

Pathogenesis of Johne’s

A

Ingestion/in utero and uptake in Peyer’s patches of lower small intestine
Phagocytosed by macrophages and spreads to regional LN
Provokes a chronic granulomatous enteritis that interferes with nutrient uptake

61
Q

How to diagnose Johne’s in ruminants?

A

PCR

62
Q

MAP may be related to what disease in humans

A

Crohn Disease

63
Q

T/F: MAP is easily disinfected and dies rapidly in environment

A

False - can survive prolonged periods in the environment including soil and water

64
Q

Why is eradication of Johne’s difficult?

A

Most infected animals are subclinical

65
Q

Enlarged _______ LN are hallmark of Johne’s

A

Mesenteric

66
Q

Hematology and chemistry with Johne’s may show…

A

Hypoalbuminemia
ACD

67
Q

Why is fecal culture not ideal for Johne’s?

A

Slow growing (16 weeks) and low sensitivity

68
Q

What about vaccination for Johne’s?

A

Vaccine exists, but only reduces clinical signs and has not effect on infection itself
Animals vaccinated will test positive for TB, which is important because all dairy cattle in US are TB tested, so this would lead to a lot of confusion

NAVLE (4 decks)

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