Reproduction Flashcards
what is reproduction? types?
the production of individuals of the same species i.e. the next generation of species.
2 basic types of reproduction.
Asexual reproduction means simple cell division that produces an exact duplicate of an organism. There are many types of asexual reproduction.
What is binary fission & where does it occur?
division into two
It is the simplest & most common method of asexual reproduction. It occurs in prokaryotes (bacteria), many unicellular eukaryotes e.g. protozoa & some invertebrates
How does binary fission occur in bacteria?
How does binary fission occur in invertebrates? common in?
the DNA is duplicated & two copies of DNA are formed. The two copies move towards the opposite poles of cell.
body is cut into two halves (fission) & the missing body parts are regenerated in both halves.
This type of asexual reproduction is common in planaria & many echinoderms.
How does binary fission occur in unicellular eukaryotes or protozoa? draw diagram
the nucleus of parent organism divides into two (by mitosis). It is followed by the division of cytoplasm. So 2 daughter cells of almost equal size are formed.
paramecium, amoeba
What is budding?
How does budding occur in yeast?
Which animals reproduce by budding?
- a type of asexual reproduction where a small outgrowth (bud) develops on the parent’s body, eventually growing into a new organism.
- Animals such as sponges, Hydra, & corals.
Describe the budding process in animals like Hydra.
pg 62
spore formation in Rhizopus?
What is the function of the cyst?
multiple fission?
What is the difference b/w bacterial spores & Rhizopus spores?
- The cyst is a thick wall that covers each spore, allowing it to survive unfavorable conditions.
- Bacterial spores, such as those formed by Clostridium & Bacillus species, are called endospores because they are formed inside bacterial cells, while Rhizopus spores are formed inside sporangia.
What is parthenogenesis?
How do queen honeybees use parthenogenesis?
what animals reproduce by means of parthenogenesis?
What happens to the fertilized eggs laid by the queen honeybee?
- a type of asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new organism.
- Queen honeybees lay unfertilized eggs that develop into haploid male bees (drones) through parthenogenesis.
- Some fishes, frogs and insects
- some eggs are fertilized by male bees & these develop into diploid females (new queen and worker bees).
what is vegetative propagation?
When vegetative parts of plants i.e. roots, stems or leaves give rise to new plants, the process is called vegetative reproduction/ propagation. It occurs naturally, & can also be brought about artificially.
asexual reproduction in plants
creeping stem types?
describe the first one? with examples?
runner and suckers
pg 64
name examples of suckers? what are they?
pg 64
underground stems? examples?
how does natural vegetative propagation happen in leaves? example?
pg 64
what is artificial vegetative propagation?
the growing of new plants from cut portions of the vegetaative plant body
stem cuttings? example? why leaves are removed? why cut stem must have at least 2 nodes close to end that is inserted into the ground?
pg 65
grafting? stock? types? exmaples?
advantages and disadvantages of vp?
define cloning?
pg 63
a typical flowers has how many parts?
outermost to innermost?
explain the first 3 parts?
how do flowering plants reproduce?
4 main whorls
calyx corolla androecium gynoecium
through flowers by producing seeds
explain innermost part of the plant?
_____ contain the plant’s reproductive structures?
where are the spores in sporophyte generation made?
gynoecium carpel
flowers
in anther: male spores
in ovule: female spores
what is sporophyte? explain in detail?
what is gametophyte? how is it formed?
what does anther contain?
how is the pollen grain & pollen tube formed?
what happens when the anther is developing?
how are 4 haploid/diploid microspores formed?
name the 2 nuclei of pollen grain? what happens to each?
what is micropyle?
what is female gametophyte? aka?
how is megaspore produced in _______?
what happens to it then?
where is embryo sac present?
describe the internal structure of embryo sac?
polar nuclei function?
pg 67
what is endosperm? function?
how does the pollen tube release _____ into the ______.
what happens after that?
2 sperms embryo sac
the end of the pollen tube ruptures
one of the 2 sperms fuses with the egg to form a zygote. the seocnd sperm moves to the centre and unites with the fusion nucleus.
what is double fertilization?
does it happen in flowering plants only?
what happen to zygote?
what matures into a seed?
union of one sperm with the egg and second sperm with the fusion nucleus
yes
develops into embryo
ovule
diff. b/w insect and wind pollinated flowers?
pg 68
what does embryo consists of? how does it get food?
epicotyle and ?
why is water withdrawn from the seed?
radical plumule with one or two cotyledons
to make it heard…
how is seed coat formed? aka
what is hilum?
how is water absorbed in germination?
pg 69
what is germination?
types? describe? with examples?
conditions necessary for seed germination?
water air temp.
what is fertilization?
what are male gamete and female gametes called?
types? describe?
how will zygote be formed?
how is embryo formed?
sperm & ova
the cell formed after the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm
a zygote will grow by mitosis to produce an embryo
what is spermatogensis? how is it done?
what are secondary spermatocytes?
what is spermatids?
spermatozoa?
pg 71
production of egg is called?
how is primary oocytes formed?
secondary oocyte?
what is first polar body?
how is ovum formed?
oogenesis
by meiosis II of secondary oocyte which is formed by meiosis I of primary oocyte which is formed from increase in the size of oognia.
draw diagrams for spermatogenesis & oogenesis?
pg 71
how many rabbits can a female rabbit reproduce in 1 year?
what are testes? scrotal sac?
name the accerssory glands? which gland secretions provide nutrients for the sperms? and lubrciate the duct
30 to 40
where are sperm in rabbit formed?
what is epididymis? where is it located? function?
what is epididymis connected to? function?
what is penis?
urethra is?
organ
duct
what is semen?
what does male/ female reproductive system of rabbit consist of?
what is ovary?
what are follicles?
where is ova present in rabbit?
describe oviduct?
where does fertilization occur?
what happens then?
what is vagina and vulva?
each follicle contain an ovum
STD example
what happens in AIDS?
