Coordination & Control Flashcards
what are the types of coordination?
A coordinated action has ________ components.
aka chemical coordination?
nervous system has ______ functions?
Nervous coordination brought about by nervous system
Chemical coordination brought about by endocrine system
5
endocrine glands/system
3 sensory input, integration, motor output
Animals have both the nervous and chemical coordination systems in their bodies while plants and
other organisms have only chemical coordination
Q: Define a stimulus.
Q: Give examples of stimuli.
stimulus is recieved by?
A: any change in the environment (external or internal) that can provoke a response in an organism.
A: touch, light, heat, cold, pressure, sound waves, presence of chemicals, and microbial infections.
A: receptors
Q: What are receptors?
Q: what is sensory input?
Q: What are stimuli detected by in the body?
A: organs, tissues, or cells specifically built to detect particular types of stimuli.
A: conduction of signals from sensory receptors to processing centre the CNS.
A: Stimuli are detected by special organs, tissues, or cells in the body.
what are coordinators?
Q: Which parts of the body act as coordinators in nervous coordination?
Q: What role do endocrine glands play in the body?
Q: How do endocrine glands receive & send messages?
the organs that receive information from receptors & send messages to particular organs for proper action.
A: The brain and spinal cord
A: act as coordinators in chemical coordina.
A: They receive information in the form of various chemicals & send messages by secreting particular hormones into the blood.
what are effectors?
In nervous coordination, _______ carry messages from ___________ to ___________, which act as effectors.
In chemical coordination, ______ carry messages from coordinators (_______) to ____________, which act as effectors
the parts of body which receive messages from coordinators and produce particular responses.
neurons
coordinators brain & spinal cord
muscles & glands
particular hormones
endocrine glands
particular target tissues
Give an example of a response produced by nervous coordination
Give an example of a response produced by chemical coordination.
Q: How do the durations of responses in nervous coordination compare to those in chemical coordination?
pulling our hand away from something hot & the movement of the sunflower towards light.
Nervous coordination usually produces immediate but short-living responses, while chemical coordination produces slow but long-living responses.
make a diagram of a coordinated action.
pg 32
nervous system parts? what do they compromise of?
what are the made of
2 main CNS PNS
CNS comprises of coordinators i.e. brain & spinal cord
while PNS consists of nerves that arise from CNS and spread in different parts of body.
All these components are made of neurons.
what are neurons?
the portion of neuron most resembling other cells?
________ conduct impulses toward cell body and _________ conduct impulses away from cell body
Neurons are specialized cells that are able to conduct nerve impulses from receptors to coordinators and from coordinators to effectors.
cell body has nucleus and cytoplasm
Dendrites
axons
neurons are of _____ types on the basis of _______.
name them.
structure?
3 function & structure
Sensory neurons have 1 dendrite & 1 axon.
They have many dendrites & axons.
They have many dendrites but only 1 axon (motor neuron)
what is saltatory impulses?
what part of neuron is involved or causes it?
the process where nerve impulses jump from one node of Ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon, significantly increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission.
myelin sheath & nodes of ranvier
Q: How does the myelin sheath affect nerve impulse conduction?
A: The myelin sheath acts as an insulator, so the membrane coated with this sheath does not conduct nerve impulses. Instead, impulses “jump” from node to node, a process called saltatory conduction, which increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission.
Q: What are Schwann cells? function?
A: special neuroglial cells located at regular intervals along axons that secrete a fatty layer called the myelin sheath over some neurons.
in simple terms cells of myelin sheath
what is a nerve? types?
nodes of ranvier?
Nerves are bundles of axons that are enveloped by a covering made of lipid that conduct electrical impulses.
3 mixed nerves
small gaps b/w consec. Schwann cells
function of the type of neurons?
- Sensory neurons conduct sensory information (nerve impulse) from receptors towards the CNS.
- Interneurons form brain & spinal cord. They receive information, interpret them and stimulate motor neurons
- Motor neurons carry information from interneurons to muscle or glands (effectors).
What do the meninges do?
what are ventricles?
Fluid within ventricles and central canal is called ___________. where is it?
They protect the brain & provide nutrients and oxygen to brain tissue through their capillaries.
brain contains hollow spaces that are continuous with the central canal of spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
b/w the inner & middle layer of meninges
what are meninges?
The brain contains fluid-filled _________ that are continuous with the _________ of spinal cord.
which part of the brain is folded? why?
brain & SC is covered by three protective membranes called meninges
ventricles
central canal
cerebral coretx to fit in the skull due to large S.A
where is thalamus located?
function?
name endocrine glands?
just below cerebrum
* It receives & modifies nearly all sensory impulses (except nose) before passing them to cerebrum.
* Thalamus is also involved in pain perception & consciousness.
* pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands.
hypothalamus location?
size?
function?
lies above midbrain and just below thalamus. an almond
link nervous system & endocrine system as it controls the secretions of pituitary gland. It regulates feelings, body temp., appetite, water balance, blood pressure.
lobes function?
diabetes mellitus is caused by?
deficiency of insulin
Cerebral Cortex?
Grey Matter?
White Matter?
- The upper layer of the cerebral hemispheres consisting of grey matter.
- found in the cerebral cortex, containing cell bodies & non-myelinated axons.
- Located beneath the grey matter of the cerebral cortex, consisting of myelinated axons.
what is cerebrum? function?
it is divided into __________?
what creates the sensation of smell? function? describe the part?
the largest part of forebrain. It controls skeletal muscles, thinking, intelligence & emotions.
2 cerebral hemispheres.
The anterior parts of cerebral hemispheres are called olfactory bulbs which receive impulses from olfactory nerves & create the sensation of smell.
what is divided into lobes?
midbrain location?
what is the last part of the brain?
how are the 2 hemispheres connected?
Each cerebral hemisphere 4
between hindbrain & forebrain and connects the two. below cerebrum
medulla oblongata
by bundle of nerves called corpus callosum
midbrain function?
it receives sensory information & sends it to the appropriate part of forebrain.
also controls some auditory reflexes & posture.