Homeostasis Flashcards
what is homeostasis? examples? why do we need it?
the maintenance of the internal conditions of body at equilibrium, despite changes in the external environment.
For example:
* the core temp. of human body remains at about 37°C despite fluctuations in the surrounding air temp.
* the blood glucose level remains about 1g per litre despite eating a meal rich in carbs
important for the efficient functioning of enzymes.
osmoregulation is the _______ of homeostasis? name others?
what is waste products? aka
what is excretion?
process Thermoregulation Excretion
any material that is produced during body metabolism & that may harm the body.
process in which metabolic wastes are eliminated from body to maintain the internal conditions at equilibrium.
metabolic waste
what is osmoregulation?
what is the diff. b/w osmoregulation & thermoregulation?
Osmoregulation: It is regulation of the conc. of water & salts in body fluids (i.e. blood and tissue fluids).
Thermoregulation: The maintenance of internal body temperature.
FMIGTN
why is thermoregulation important?
- The enzymes of body work best at particular temperatures (optimum temp.). Any change in body temp. may affect the functioning of enzymes.
how is CO2 removed by plants?
what causes surplus CO2 to build up?
It is removed from the tissue cells by diffusion.
* In leaves & young stems, CO2 escapes out through stomata.
* In young roots, CO2 diffuses through the general root surface, especially through root hairs.
1. In daytime, the CO2 produced during cellular respiration is utilized in photosynthesis & hence it is not a waste product.
2. At night, it is surplus because there is no utilization of CO2. (no photsynthesis)
just understand and learn this
where is oxygen produced?
what happens after that?
Oxygen is produced in mesophyll cells only during daytime, as a by-product of photosynthesis.
After its utilization in cellular respiration, the leaf cells remove the extra amount of oxygen through stomata.
how is extra water removed in plants? why transpiration doesn’t take place at night?
by guttation or transpiration
The appearance of drops of water on the tips or edges of leaves is called guttation.
hydathodes
At night, transpiration usually doesn’t occur cz most plants have their stomata closed.
how are metabolic waste removed in plants?
The _____________ is a secondary function of leaf fall. what if not shed?
pg 18
the calcium oxalate just remains as harmless crystals in the leaves
removal of excretory products
name other waste produced by plants?
pg 18
latex
what are hydrophytes?
what charcteristics do they have for their habitat?
example?
Hydrophytes are the plants which live completely or partially submerged in freshwater.
Such plants do not face the problem of water shortage. They have developed mechanisms for the removal of extra water from their cells.
* Hydrophytes have broad leaves with a large number of stomata on their upper surfaces. This characteristic helps them to remove the extra amount of water.
* water lily & lotus
what are xerophytes?
what charcteristics do they have for their habitat?
example?
Xerophytes live in dry environments.
1. They possess thick, waxy cuticle over their epidermis to reduce water loss from internal tissues.
2. They have less number of stomata to reduce the rate of transpiration.
3. Such plants have deep roots to absorb maximum water from soil.
4. Some xerophytes have special parenchyma cells in stems or roots in which they store large quantities of water. This makes their stems or roots wet and juicy, called succulent organs.
* Cacti, aloe vera, pineapple
what are halophytes?
how do they maintain water inside if they live in salty environments?
example?
Halophytes are plants growing in areas of high salinity.
Many sea grasses & mangroves
FMIGTN
xero hydro halo phytes are types of _______ on the basis of ______.
plants
the available amount of water & salts
how many layers does skin have?
function of skin?
benefits of sweat?
skin consists of 2 layers.
plays imp. role in the regulation of body temp.
* Metabolic wastes such as excess water, salts, urea & uric acid are removed in sweat.
what happens in cold weather?
how is the body temp. regulated?
- The thin layer of fat cells in the dermis insulates the body.
- Hair raised by the arrector pili muscles result in goosebumps formation. It creates an insulating blanket of warm air.
- the blood vessels in the skin constrict. And less heat is lost to the body.
FMIGTN
what happens in warm weather? skin?
how do lungs keep CO2 conc. in blood in normal range? in short
how is CO2 produced?
pg 20
explain the process of urinary system in short?
Kidneys filter blood to produce urine & the ureters carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder. The bladder temporarily stores urine until it is released from body. Urethra is the tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to the outside of body
1 pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.
What is the shape & color of the kidneys? Why
What is the weight of each kidney?
Which kidney is positioned higher in the body?
what are the functions of kidney?
- Kidneys are dark-red & bean-shaped.
- Each kidney weighs about 120 grams.
- The left kidney is positioned a little higher than the right kidney.
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
What protects the kidneys?
the _____ side of kidney faces ver?
Kidney receive blood from and to?
They are placed against the back wall of abdominal cavity just below diaphragm, one on either side of vertebral column.
They are protected by the last 2 ribs.
concave vertebral column
what is hilus?
What structures pass through the concave side of the kidney?
from where does kidney receive blood?
- a depression near the centre of the concave area of kidney.
- The ureter, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & nerves.
- from the dorsal aorta via renal arteries
What are the main regions visible in the longitudinal section of the kidney?
What is the outer part of the kidney called and what is its color?
What is the base of the ureter called?
Q: What is the inner part of the kidney called and what is its color?
Q: What structures make up the renal medulla?
Q: Where do the renal pyramids project into?
A: The renal cortex & the renal medulla.
A: The outer part is renal cortex, & it is dark red in color.
A: renal pelvis.
A: The inner part is called the renal medulla, and it is pale red in color.
A: The renal medulla consists of several cone-shaped areas called renal pyramids.
A: The renal pyramids project into a funnel-shaped cavity called the renal pelvis.
Q: what is nephron?
Q: How many nephrons are there in each kidney?
Q: What are the main parts of a nephron?
Q: What are the parts of the renal corpuscle?
Q: What is the glomerulus?
Many collecting ducts join together to form
____________ which drain into _________.
A: the functional unit of kidneys
A: There are over 1M nephrons in each kidney.
A: The renal corpuscle & the renal tubule.
A: The glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule.
A: The glomerulus is a network of capillaries.
several hundred papillary ducts renal pelvis
