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Biology 30 IB > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Gonads

A

Primary endocrine gland sex organs (ovaries and testicles)

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2
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Secondary sex organs that gametes travel through

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3
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Characteristics present from birth, or directly related to gamete production

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4
Q

Secondary Sex Characteriristics

A

External and behavioural characteristics developed over time

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5
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic reflex that consists of rhythmic contractions of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, and prostate gland, which forces semen out of the penis

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6
Q

What does semen consist of, and which glands does it come from

A

Sperm and male bodily fluid (from seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland)

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7
Q

What does the seminal vessicle secrete

A

mucus-like fluid which contains fructose and prostaglandins

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8
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

trigger smooth contraction of female reproductive tract

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9
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete

A

An alkaline buffer and mucus to neutralize the male urethra and female reproductive tract

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10
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland) secrete

A

Mucus

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11
Q

Erection

A

Penis becomes firm, enlarged, and erect due to the parasympathetic nerves increasing blood flow to the penis and dialating the arterioles. This leads to compression of veins, which prevents blood from leaving the penis

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12
Q

Outline the hormone cycle to stimulate testosterone and sperm production

A

GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates secretion of FSH and LH, which stimulates production of sperm in seminiferous tubules and testosterone in interstitial cells

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13
Q

Which hormone inhibits production of FSH and GnRH and where is it produced?

A

Inhibin, which is produced from Sertoli cells

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14
Q

Role of testosterone

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis, instills sex drive, responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males

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15
Q

Which gene determines gender

A

SRY gene on the Y chromosome, which codes for protein TDF and stimulates other genes to begin testes development at 7 weeks

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16
Q

What happens during puberty of males

A

GnRH production is increased, completing the development of sex organs and secondary male characteristics

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17
Q

Andropause

A

When testosterone levels decrease at around age 40, a precursor to depression, fatigue & less sperm and muscle mass

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18
Q

Where does oogenesis take place

A

In follicles in the ovary

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19
Q

What cells do follicles contain

A

primary oocyte (matures into ovum) and granulosa (nourishes developing oocyte)

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20
Q

What hormones does the ovary produce

A

estrogen and progesterone

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21
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Part of menstrual cycle that focuses on the maturation of follicle

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22
Q

Uterine cycle

A

Part of menstrual cycle that focuses on thickening of endometrium and mucus production in uterus and menstruation

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23
Q

Parts of the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular stage (1-13), Ovulation (14) and Luteal stage (15-28)

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24
Q

Follicular stage

A

GnRH is produced by hypothalamus, which stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH. FSH stimulates maturation of follicle and oocyte, where the follicle releases estrogen. Increasing estrogen inhibits GnRH and FSH, and stimulates the release of LH.

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25
Q

Ovulation

A

Surge in estrogen at the end of follicular state increases release of LH, which causes ovulation. The ovum can survive 24 hours in the oviduct.

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26
Q

Luteal phase

A

LH stimulates empty follicle to develop into corpus luteum, which starts secreting progesterone (and a little estrogen), which inhibits release of LH. Lower LH levels cause degeneration of corpus luteum

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27
Q

Role of progesterone

A

hormone that prepares for pregnancy by thickening the endometrium, inhibiting production of cervical mucus, preventing menstruation, prevents expulsion of fetus, and inhibits further ovulation of follicles

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28
Q

Outline the uterine cycle

A

Day 1-5: Menstration
Day 6-14: Rising levels of estrogen causes thickening of endometrium
Day 15-28: Rising levels of progesterone causes more thickening of endometrium

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29
Q

What does the acrosome do for the sperm?

A

Contains digestive enzymes, which break the outer portions of the egg

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30
Q

Corona radiata

A

Jelly like layer made of follicle cells (outer portion of egg)

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31
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Thin, clear layer made of carbs and proteins

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32
Q

Causes of infertility

A

Blocked ducts, damaged eggs/sperms, failure to ovulate, inability to eject/ejaculate

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33
Q

What drug does a women have to take for IUI and what does it do

A

clomid, which tricks the body into thinking estrogen levels are low, which gets the body to produce more FSH and mature follicles; superovulation

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34
Q

IVF

A

Games are removed and fertilization happens in laboratory conditions

35
Q

Chorionic villi sampling

A

Tests chorionic villi (tiny projections of placenta that develop from chorion and contains fetal DNA) for chromosomal abnormalities

36
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Tests cells from amniotic fluid for abnormalities

37
Q

Orgasm definition

A

Rhythmic contraction of pelvic floor muslces

38
Q

What happens during an orgasm

A

Increased heart and breathing rate, cocktail of hormones and neurotransmitters are released (dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins)

39
Q

Oxytocin

A

feelings of closeness, “cuddle hormone”

40
Q

What happens with male orgasms

A

Ejaculation, 2-6mL of semen and 180 million sperm is released

41
Q

Female orgasms

A

Contrations of uterus and vagina help propel the sperm towards egg

42
Q

How does the ovum enter the oviduct

A

Swept by fimbrae

43
Q

What are the chances of conception in the oviduce

A

25%

44
Q

What is the chance of miscarriage during the first 12 weeks

A

20%

45
Q

Why is fertilization deemed to happen at the end of the second week of pregnancy

A

Date of conception is dated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle

46
Q

What happens to the sperm and egg in the oviduct

A

Fuses to form a zygote

47
Q

How long does it take the zygote to reach the uterus

A

3-5 days

48
Q

When does the zygote first start performing cleavage

A

30 hours into being swept further down oviduct by cilia

49
Q

Morula

A

Zygote becomes a solid ball with 16 cells

50
Q

What happens if cells in the morula is broken off

A

Identical twins- a whole other person is formed

51
Q

Blastocyst

A

When a fluid filled space develops in the center of a morula

52
Q

What types of cells does the blastocyst contain

A

Embryoblast (will develop into embryo) and trophoblast (cells on outside)

53
Q

What will the trophoblast eventually become

A

The chorion which forms part of the placenta

54
Q

When does the blastocyst implant into the endometrium

A

5-7 days after conception

55
Q

What does the fluid portion of the trophoblast become

A

the amnion, which fuses with the chorion

56
Q

Allantois

A

Gut of embryo outpockets and incorporates into the umbilical cord

57
Q

What does the yolk sac form

A

blood cells and digestive tract of fetus

58
Q

Gastrulation

A

cells in embryoblast is rearranged to form 3 germ layers- the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The embryblast is not a gastrula

59
Q

What happens during neurulation

A

nervous system develops from ectoderm- neural plate in ectoderm folds into neural tube which elongates into the brain or spinal cord, notochord forms intervertebral disks, heart starts beating

60
Q

What happens during week 4 of gestation

A

rapid growth and differentiation, kidneys, head, and limb buds start to form

61
Q

What happens during week 5

A

Eyes without eyelids, rapid brain development causes head to appear abnormally large, placenta forms from both maternal and fetal tissue and secretes progesterone

62
Q

What happens during week 6

A

Brain continues developing, limbs lengthen, gonads begin producing hormones

63
Q

What happens during week 7 and 8

A

Cartilagte, organs, eyelids, and nostrils form, nervous system begins coordinating activity

64
Q

When does the embryo become a fetus

A

First trimester (weeks 1-12), becomes at end of week 8

65
Q

What do the umbilical vein and arteries do

A

Vein carries nutrients from placenta to fetus while two arteries carry waste from fetus to placenta

66
Q

Do maternal and fetal blood cells mix

A

no

67
Q

Paturition

A

Birth, consisting of labor and delivery

68
Q

What are the three phases of parturition

A

Dilation, expulsion, and placental

69
Q

Which hormone softens the cervix near the end of preganancy and loosens the connective tissue between pelvic bones

A

Relaxin

70
Q

Outline the process of dialation

A

Head of fetus pushes on cervix, causing dilation. Dilation triggers nerve impulse up the hypothalamus which produces oxytocin. Posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin, causing contraction of uterus. Contraction causes heat of fetus to push harder on cervix, triggering more dilation

71
Q

What happens when the “water” breaks

A

Amnionic sac breaks

72
Q

What happens during expulsion

A

forceful contractions pushes the baby out of the body

73
Q

What happens in the placental stage (afterbirth)

A

Placenta is expelled

74
Q

How do fraternal twins form

A

two eggs are ovulated and fertilized by two different sperm

75
Q

What do the breasts secrete at birth

A

colostrum (nutrient dense fluid)

76
Q

When is prolactin secreted and what does it do

A

After the placenta is expelled, when estrogen and progesterone levels are low; stimulates milk production

77
Q

Where is prolactin secreted

A

anterior pituitary gland

78
Q

Where is breast milk produced

A

Aveoli in the lobules of the breasts

79
Q

What is the effect of sucking

A

Stimulates release of oxytocin, causing contraction of lobules to release milk. Suckling also inhibits FSH and LH production, halting menstration and ovulation

80
Q

What are the contents in breast milk

A

nutrients (water, lactose, proteins, vitamins, minerals) and immune cells (B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and antibodies), molecules that help with maturation of the digestive system

81
Q

What is the process of transferring immunity through breast milk called

A

passive immunity

82
Q

What is a special quality of breast milk

A

changes with the baby’s demands

83
Q

Teratogen

A

agent that causes structural abnormality during pregnancy

Biology 30 IB (4 decks)

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