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Biology 30 IB > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads

A

Primary endocrine gland sex organs (ovaries and testicles)

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2
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Secondary sex organs that gametes travel through

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3
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Characteristics present from birth, or directly related to gamete production

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4
Q

Secondary Sex Characteriristics

A

External and behavioural characteristics developed over time

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5
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic reflex that consists of rhythmic contractions of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, and prostate gland, which forces semen out of the penis

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6
Q

What does semen consist of, and which glands does it come from

A

Sperm and male bodily fluid (from seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland)

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7
Q

What does the seminal vessicle secrete

A

mucus-like fluid which contains fructose and prostaglandins

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8
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

trigger smooth contraction of female reproductive tract

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9
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete

A

An alkaline buffer and mucus to neutralize the male urethra and female reproductive tract

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10
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland) secrete

A

Mucus

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11
Q

Erection

A

Penis becomes firm, enlarged, and erect due to the parasympathetic nerves increasing blood flow to the penis and dialating the arterioles. This leads to compression of veins, which prevents blood from leaving the penis

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12
Q

Outline the hormone cycle to stimulate testosterone and sperm production

A

GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates secretion of FSH and LH, which stimulates production of sperm in seminiferous tubules and testosterone in interstitial cells

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13
Q

Which hormone inhibits production of FSH and GnRH and where is it produced?

A

Inhibin, which is produced from Sertoli cells

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14
Q

Role of testosterone

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis, instills sex drive, responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males

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15
Q

Which gene determines gender

A

SRY gene on the Y chromosome, which codes for protein TDF and stimulates other genes to begin testes development at 7 weeks

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16
Q

What happens during puberty of males

A

GnRH production is increased, completing the development of sex organs and secondary male characteristics

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17
Q

Andropause

A

When testosterone levels decrease at around age 40, a precursor to depression, fatigue & less sperm and muscle mass

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18
Q

Where does oogenesis take place

A

In follicles in the ovary

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19
Q

What cells do follicles contain

A

primary oocyte (matures into ovum) and granulosa (nourishes developing oocyte)

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20
Q

What hormones does the ovary produce

A

estrogen and progesterone

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21
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Part of menstrual cycle that focuses on the maturation of follicle

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22
Q

Uterine cycle

A

Part of menstrual cycle that focuses on thickening of endometrium and mucus production in uterus and menstruation

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23
Q

Parts of the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular stage (1-13), Ovulation (14) and Luteal stage (15-28)

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24
Q

Follicular stage

A

GnRH is produced by hypothalamus, which stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH. FSH stimulates maturation of follicle and oocyte, where the follicle releases estrogen. Increasing estrogen inhibits GnRH and FSH, and stimulates the release of LH.

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25
Ovulation
Surge in estrogen at the end of follicular state increases release of LH, which causes ovulation. The ovum can survive 24 hours in the oviduct.
26
Luteal phase
LH stimulates empty follicle to develop into corpus luteum, which starts secreting progesterone (and a little estrogen), which inhibits release of LH. Lower LH levels cause degeneration of corpus luteum
27
Role of progesterone
hormone that prepares for pregnancy by thickening the endometrium, inhibiting production of cervical mucus, preventing menstruation, prevents expulsion of fetus, and inhibits further ovulation of follicles
28
Outline the uterine cycle
Day 1-5: Menstration Day 6-14: Rising levels of estrogen causes thickening of endometrium Day 15-28: Rising levels of progesterone causes more thickening of endometrium
29
What does the acrosome do for the sperm?
Contains digestive enzymes, which break the outer portions of the egg
30
Corona radiata
Jelly like layer made of follicle cells (outer portion of egg)
31
Zona pellucida
Thin, clear layer made of carbs and proteins
32
Causes of infertility
Blocked ducts, damaged eggs/sperms, failure to ovulate, inability to eject/ejaculate
33
What drug does a women have to take for IUI and what does it do
clomid, which tricks the body into thinking estrogen levels are low, which gets the body to produce more FSH and mature follicles; superovulation
34
IVF
Games are removed and fertilization happens in laboratory conditions
35
Chorionic villi sampling
Tests chorionic villi (tiny projections of placenta that develop from chorion and contains fetal DNA) for chromosomal abnormalities
36
Amniocentesis
Tests cells from amniotic fluid for abnormalities
37
Orgasm definition
Rhythmic contraction of pelvic floor muslces
38
What happens during an orgasm
Increased heart and breathing rate, cocktail of hormones and neurotransmitters are released (dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphins)
39
Oxytocin
feelings of closeness, "cuddle hormone"
40
What happens with male orgasms
Ejaculation, 2-6mL of semen and 180 million sperm is released
41
Female orgasms
Contrations of uterus and vagina help propel the sperm towards egg
42
How does the ovum enter the oviduct
Swept by fimbrae
43
What are the chances of conception in the oviduce
25%
44
What is the chance of miscarriage during the first 12 weeks
20%
45
Why is fertilization deemed to happen at the end of the second week of pregnancy
Date of conception is dated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle
46
What happens to the sperm and egg in the oviduct
Fuses to form a zygote
47
How long does it take the zygote to reach the uterus
3-5 days
48
When does the zygote first start performing cleavage
30 hours into being swept further down oviduct by cilia
49
Morula
Zygote becomes a solid ball with 16 cells
50
What happens if cells in the morula is broken off
Identical twins- a whole other person is formed
51
Blastocyst
When a fluid filled space develops in the center of a morula
52
What types of cells does the blastocyst contain
Embryoblast (will develop into embryo) and trophoblast (cells on outside)
53
What will the trophoblast eventually become
The chorion which forms part of the placenta
54
When does the blastocyst implant into the endometrium
5-7 days after conception
55
What does the fluid portion of the trophoblast become
the amnion, which fuses with the chorion
56
Allantois
Gut of embryo outpockets and incorporates into the umbilical cord
57
What does the yolk sac form
blood cells and digestive tract of fetus
58
Gastrulation
cells in embryoblast is rearranged to form 3 germ layers- the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The embryblast is not a gastrula
59
What happens during neurulation
nervous system develops from ectoderm- neural plate in ectoderm folds into neural tube which elongates into the brain or spinal cord, notochord forms intervertebral disks, heart starts beating
60
What happens during week 4 of gestation
rapid growth and differentiation, kidneys, head, and limb buds start to form
61
What happens during week 5
Eyes without eyelids, rapid brain development causes head to appear abnormally large, placenta forms from both maternal and fetal tissue and secretes progesterone
62
What happens during week 6
Brain continues developing, limbs lengthen, gonads begin producing hormones
63
What happens during week 7 and 8
Cartilagte, organs, eyelids, and nostrils form, nervous system begins coordinating activity
64
When does the embryo become a fetus
First trimester (weeks 1-12), becomes at end of week 8
65
What do the umbilical vein and arteries do
Vein carries nutrients from placenta to fetus while two arteries carry waste from fetus to placenta
66
Do maternal and fetal blood cells mix
no
67
Paturition
Birth, consisting of labor and delivery
68
What are the three phases of parturition
Dilation, expulsion, and placental
69
Which hormone softens the cervix near the end of preganancy and loosens the connective tissue between pelvic bones
Relaxin
70
Outline the process of dialation
Head of fetus pushes on cervix, causing dilation. Dilation triggers nerve impulse up the hypothalamus which produces oxytocin. Posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin, causing contraction of uterus. Contraction causes heat of fetus to push harder on cervix, triggering more dilation
71
What happens when the "water" breaks
Amnionic sac breaks
72
What happens during expulsion
forceful contractions pushes the baby out of the body
73
What happens in the placental stage (afterbirth)
Placenta is expelled
74
How do fraternal twins form
two eggs are ovulated and fertilized by two different sperm
75
What do the breasts secrete at birth
colostrum (nutrient dense fluid)
76
When is prolactin secreted and what does it do
After the placenta is expelled, when estrogen and progesterone levels are low; stimulates milk production
77
Where is prolactin secreted
anterior pituitary gland
78
Where is breast milk produced
Aveoli in the lobules of the breasts
79
What is the effect of sucking
Stimulates release of oxytocin, causing contraction of lobules to release milk. Suckling also inhibits FSH and LH production, halting menstration and ovulation
80
What are the contents in breast milk
nutrients (water, lactose, proteins, vitamins, minerals) and immune cells (B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and antibodies), molecules that help with maturation of the digestive system
81
What is the process of transferring immunity through breast milk called
passive immunity
82
What is a special quality of breast milk
changes with the baby's demands
83
Teratogen
agent that causes structural abnormality during pregnancy

Biology 30 IB (4 decks)

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