Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four components of the nervous system?
A
Reception, transmission, interpretation, response
2
Q
What are the functions of the nervous system (3)
A
Interpretation and response to sensory information, maintains homeostasis, allows for learning, reasoning, and experiencing emotion
3
Q
Types of cells in the nervous system (2)
A
Neurons and Glial cells
4
Q
Neurons
A
Functional cells that conduct impulses & responds to physical and chemical stimuli
5
Q
Glial cells
A
Non conducting cells that nourish and remove waste from neurons
6
Q
Two types of glial cells
A
Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocytes
7
Q
Schwann Cell function
A
produce myelin and neurilenma that covers axons (in peripheral nervous system)
8
Q
Oligodendrocytes function
A
only produce myelin (in central nervous system)
9
Q
Three types of neurons
A
Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
10
Q
Sensory neuron function and location of cell body
A
Receive impulse from a receptor (sense organ), cell body is typically in center of neuron
11
Q
Where are interneurons found
A
Central nervous system
12
Q
Function of interneuron
A
Links sensory and motor neurons
13
Q
Motor neurons function and location of cell body
A
transmits impulse to effector (muslces, glands, and organs)
14
Q
Soma
A
Body of neuron
15
Q
Dendrite
A
Place where neuron recieves the transmitted signal
16
Q
Node of Ranvier
A
Small portions along the axon that is not covered by the myelin sheath
17
Q
Myelin sheath
A
Made up of schwann cells
18
Q
End plates
A
Point of contact with another neuron or an effector
19
Q
Reflex definition
A
Rapid, involuntary neural pathways that help protect the body
20
Q
Reflex arc
A
Sensory receptor to sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron to effector (muscle)
21
Q
Membrane potential definition
A
Difference in charge between outside and inside of cell
22
Q
Resting potential
A
membrane potential at rest
23
Q
What is the resting potential
A
-70mV
24
Q
A membrane at rest is ________
A
polarized
25
What ion is originally on the outside of the axon and what is on the inside
Sodium is on the outside and potassium is on the inside
26
What is the membrane more permeable to (Potassium or sodium)
Potassium
27
How is the membrane kept in a polarized state?
Sodium potassium pumps, which transport sodium outside and potassium inside
28
Depolarization process
A nerve impulse arrives and changes the permeability of the membrane, causing sodium channels to open. Sodium rushes in, making the inside of the neuron positive (40mV) or depolarized
29
What happens during repolarization?
sodium channels close, potassium channel opens, potassium rushes out, and the inside is negatively charged again
30
Hyperpolarization
Potassium channel closes very slowly, causing a negative charge (-75 to -80) relative to homeostasis
31
Can another action potential be started during hyperpolarization
No
32
Threshold level
Minimum level of stimulus required to produce a response
33
Once the threshold stimulus is reached, is there variation in the speed or intensity of action potential
No, all or none response
34
How is sensation intensity determined (2)
By how frequent the impulses occur, and the number of neurons present
35
Saltatory conduction
The process of an impulse travelling through a myelinated axon
36
Where in the neuron does the action potential occur?
nodes of ranvier
37
synapse
tiny space between two neurons or between a neuron and muscle cell (neuromuscular junction)
38
Presynaptic neuron
The neuron where the impulse is coming from
39
Postsynaptic neuron
The neuron that is receiving the impulse
40
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that carry the signal across the synpase and bind to the receptor sites on post synaptic neuron
41
What do exitatory neurotransmitters do
Allows sodium into neuron, causing slight depolarization and maybe even action potential
42
What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do
Allows potassium out of neuron, hyperpolarizing it (preventing AP)
43
Integration
Net action potential, whether action potential occurs is determined by the sum of excitatory neurotransmitters (+) and inhibitory neurotransmitters (-)
44
Acetylcholine
Mainly excitatory neurotransmitter
45
Cholinsterase
Enzyme released by presynaptic neuron, breaks down acetylcholine
46
Norepinephrine
Can be inhibitory or excitatory, linked to wakefulness
47
GABA
main inhibitory neurotransmitter (prioritizes stimuli, save energy)
48
Neonictinoids
Insectisides that work similar to nicotine, alters acetylcholine receptor which kills the insect
49
Components of central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
50
Grey matter vs white matter
grey matter has no neurilenma, and is unable to repair itself, while white matter does
51
Difference in location of grey and white matter for spinal cord and brain
grey matter is superficial on brain but deep in spinal cord, which makes the brain more susceptible to irreperable damage
52
4 layers of protection for the CNS
Bone, meniges, cerebralspinal fluid, and blood brain barrier
53
meniges
series of protective membranes
54
Dura matter
Most durable outer layer of meninges directly underneath bone
55
Arachnoid matter
Delicate middle layer of meniges, contains blood vessels
56
Pia matter
closest to CNS
57
Cerebrospinal fluid
fluid circulating in CNS that transport waste and nutrients and acts as a shock absorber
58
Type of neuron coming our of dorsal of spinal cord
Sensory neurons (also where ganglia, collection of cell bodies are found)
59
Three regions of the brain
hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
60
Parts of hindbrain (3)
Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and pons
61
Cerebellum function
movement, coordination, balance
62
Medulla oblongata function
Controls autonomic nervous system
63
Pons
Bridge information between cerebellum and medula
64
Part of midbrain
top of pons that connect forebrain and hindbrain
65
Cerebrum function
Largest part of the brain responsible for senses, personality, and intelligence
66
Significance in left and right side of cerebrum
left is logical side, right is artistic side
67
Cerebral cortex
Outer sheet of neurons on cerebrum made up of grey matter with deep fissures
68
Cerebral cortex function
Coordinating center for sensory information and voluntary movements
69
Lobes of the cerebral cortex (4)
frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital
70
Frontal lobe function
Initiation of movement, speech, intelligence, personality, and reasoning
71
Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for speech
broca's area
72
Temporal lobe function
hearing smell, memory, understanding speech, emotions
73
which part of the brain is responsible for understanding speech
Wernicke's area
74
Parietal lobe function
Responsible for interpretating senses recieved by skin receptors, somatosensory area
75
Occipital lobe function
Vision and recongnition
76
Corpus collosum
Responsible for communication between two hemispheres, involved in multitasking
77
thalamus
relay center for sensory information to various lobes of cerebral cortex
78
Which side of the body is controlled by which side of the brain
Left side of body is controlled by right side of brain, and vice versa
79
Parts of the peripheral nervous system (2)
Sensory somatic and autonomic
80
Part of peripheral nervous system under voluntary control
Sensory somatic system
81
function of sensory somatic system
senses and responds to external environment
82
Nerves from the sensory somatic system
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
83
Function of the autonomic nervous system
senses and responds to internal environment, involuntary control
84
Functions of hypothalamus (2)
Regulates temperature and controls hormone production
85
Two parts of autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
86
Sympathetic nervous system function
Prepares body for stress, releases acetylcholine
87
Origin of nerves from the sympathetic nervous system
throacic and lumbar portions of spine, ganglia near spinal cord end
88
Parasymphathetic nervous system function
Slows, returns body back to normal, releases norephinephrine
89
Parasympathetic nerves origin
cervical and sacral parts of the spine, includes 12 cranial nerves, ganglia near organs, post ganglionic nerve releases acetylcholine and nitrous oxide as neurotransmittors
90
Vasgus nerve
Cranial nerve that is responsible for maintaining heart rate and controlling digestion
91
What happens to the heart when neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic nervous system?
Heart rate increases
92
What happens to the heart when neurotransmitter is released from parasympathetic nervous system?
Heart rate decreases
93
What happens to the digestive tract when neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic nervous system?
Parastalis decreases
94
What happens to the digestive tract when neurotransmitter is released from parasympathetic nervous system?
Digestion increases
95
What happens to the liver when neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic nervous system?
Releases more glucose
96
What happens to the bladder when neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic nervous system
sphincter is controlled
97
What happens to the skin when neurotransmitter is released from the sympathetic nervous system
Blood flow to skin decreases
98
Sclera function
strong, outermost layer of the eye for protection
99
Choroid function
middle layer, contains blood vessels which nourishes retina
100
retina
innermost layer that contains photoreceptors
101
Optic nerve
Recieves stimulis and transmits it to visual cortex for interpretation
102
Blind spot
Area on retina that lacks photoreceptors
103
Fovea centralis
most light sensitive area, dense in cones
104
Virteous humor
maintains shape, medium for light travel
105
cillary muscle
voluntarily controls shape of the eye
106
Aqueous humor
Supplies nutrients to the eye
107
cornea
thin outer flap that supplies nutrients to the pupil
108
Lens
changes shape to bring an image into focus
109
Accomendation
lens changing shape to focus
110
shape of lens for far sight
cillary muscles relax, lens become thin and flat
111
Shape of lens for close sight
cillary muscles contract, lens become fat and round
112
Rods
low intensity light, interprets visual stimuli in black and white
113
Cones
interprets high intensity light (color)
114
Human rod to cone ratio
20:1
115
Rhodopsin
pigment in rods
116
Retinene
vitamin A derivatice
117
What two compounds is rhodopsin made up of
retinene and opsin
118
What happens when rods are not functional (in the light)
Rhodopsin divides into opsin and retinine, which allow bipolar cells to have action potential
119
Cones
Contain pigment photopsin which is less sensitive to light than rhodopsin. Each cone is sensitive to primary colors RGB
120
Optic chaism
Where the left occiptal nerve reciving input from the right eye and right occipital nerve from the left eye meets
121
Function of outer ear
collects and funnels sound waves
122
Parts of the outer ear (2)
Pinna and auditory canal
123
Pinna function
visible outer portion that collects and channels sound waves into auditory canal
124
Auditory canal
Carries sound waves to typanum
125
Components of middle ear(2)
Eustachian tube and ossicles
126
ossciles
malleus, incus, and stapes
127
Function of ossicles
Carry and amplify sound to oval window, which then transmits vibrations to fluid of inner ear
128
How is pressure dissapated
As oval window is pushed in, round window, which is connected to estachian tube with air pocket that connects to nose and mouth, is pushed out
129
Middle ear function
Amplifies sound waves
130
Typanum
eardrum
131
Function of inner ear
creates nerve impulses for sound and balance
132
Cochlea
coiled tube that convers sound waves into nerve impulses
133
How is volume determined
by amplitude of sound waves
134
function of hearing aid
amplifies sound and reduces background noises
135
Cochlear implant
sends electrochemical impulse to auditory nerve
136
Pitch
determined by frequency of sound waves
