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Biology 30 IB > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four components of the nervous system?

A

Reception, transmission, interpretation, response

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2
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system (3)

A

Interpretation and response to sensory information, maintains homeostasis, allows for learning, reasoning, and experiencing emotion

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3
Q

Types of cells in the nervous system (2)

A

Neurons and Glial cells

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4
Q

Neurons

A

Functional cells that conduct impulses & responds to physical and chemical stimuli

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5
Q

Glial cells

A

Non conducting cells that nourish and remove waste from neurons

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6
Q

Two types of glial cells

A

Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocytes

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7
Q

Schwann Cell function

A

produce myelin and neurilenma that covers axons (in peripheral nervous system)

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8
Q

Oligodendrocytes function

A

only produce myelin (in central nervous system)

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9
Q

Three types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons

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10
Q

Sensory neuron function and location of cell body

A

Receive impulse from a receptor (sense organ), cell body is typically in center of neuron

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11
Q

Where are interneurons found

A

Central nervous system

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12
Q

Function of interneuron

A

Links sensory and motor neurons

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13
Q

Motor neurons function and location of cell body

A

transmits impulse to effector (muslces, glands, and organs)

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14
Q

Soma

A

Body of neuron

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15
Q

Dendrite

A

Place where neuron recieves the transmitted signal

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16
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Small portions along the axon that is not covered by the myelin sheath

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17
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Made up of schwann cells

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18
Q

End plates

A

Point of contact with another neuron or an effector

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19
Q

Reflex definition

A

Rapid, involuntary neural pathways that help protect the body

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20
Q

Reflex arc

A

Sensory receptor to sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron to effector (muscle)

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21
Q

Membrane potential definition

A

Difference in charge between outside and inside of cell

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22
Q

Resting potential

A

membrane potential at rest

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23
Q

What is the resting potential

A

-70mV

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24
Q

A membrane at rest is ________

A

polarized

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25
Q

What ion is originally on the outside of the axon and what is on the inside

A

Sodium is on the outside and potassium is on the inside

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26
Q

What is the membrane more permeable to (Potassium or sodium)

A

Potassium

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27
Q

How is the membrane kept in a polarized state?

A

Sodium potassium pumps, which transport sodium outside and potassium inside

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28
Q

Depolarization process

A

A nerve impulse arrives and changes the permeability of the membrane, causing sodium channels to open. Sodium rushes in, making the inside of the neuron positive (40mV) or depolarized

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29
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A

sodium channels close, potassium channel opens, potassium rushes out, and the inside is negatively charged again

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30
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Potassium channel closes very slowly, causing a negative charge (-75 to -80) relative to homeostasis

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31
Q

Can another action potential be started during hyperpolarization

A

No

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32
Q

Threshold level

A

Minimum level of stimulus required to produce a response

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33
Q

Once the threshold stimulus is reached, is there variation in the speed or intensity of action potential

A

No, all or none response

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34
Q

How is sensation intensity determined (2)

A

By how frequent the impulses occur, and the number of neurons present

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35
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

The process of an impulse travelling through a myelinated axon

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36
Q

Where in the neuron does the action potential occur?

A

nodes of ranvier

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37
Q

synapse

A

tiny space between two neurons or between a neuron and muscle cell (neuromuscular junction)

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38
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

The neuron where the impulse is coming from

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39
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

The neuron that is receiving the impulse

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40
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messengers that carry the signal across the synpase and bind to the receptor sites on post synaptic neuron

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41
Q

What do exitatory neurotransmitters do

A

Allows sodium into neuron, causing slight depolarization and maybe even action potential

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42
Q

What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do

A

Allows potassium out of neuron, hyperpolarizing it (preventing AP)

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43
Q

Integration

A

Net action potential, whether action potential occurs is determined by the sum of excitatory neurotransmitters (+) and inhibitory neurotransmitters (-)

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44
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Mainly excitatory neurotransmitter

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45
Q

Cholinsterase

A

Enzyme released by presynaptic neuron, breaks down acetylcholine

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46
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Can be inhibitory or excitatory, linked to wakefulness

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47
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter (prioritizes stimuli, save energy)

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48
Q

Neonictinoids

A

Insectisides that work similar to nicotine, alters acetylcholine receptor which kills the insect

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49
Q

Components of central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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50
Q

Grey matter vs white matter

A

grey matter has no neurilenma, and is unable to repair itself, while white matter does

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51
Q

Difference in location of grey and white matter for spinal cord and brain

A

grey matter is superficial on brain but deep in spinal cord, which makes the brain more susceptible to irreperable damage

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52
Q

4 layers of protection for the CNS

A

Bone, meniges, cerebralspinal fluid, and blood brain barrier

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53
Q

meniges

A

series of protective membranes

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54
Q

Dura matter

A

Most durable outer layer of meninges directly underneath bone

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55
Q

Arachnoid matter

A

Delicate middle layer of meniges, contains blood vessels

56
Q

Pia matter

A

closest to CNS

57
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid circulating in CNS that transport waste and nutrients and acts as a shock absorber

58
Q

Type of neuron coming our of dorsal of spinal cord

A

Sensory neurons (also where ganglia, collection of cell bodies are found)

59
Q

Three regions of the brain

A

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

60
Q

Parts of hindbrain (3)

A

Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and pons

61
Q

Cerebellum function

A

movement, coordination, balance

62
Q

Medulla oblongata function

A

Controls autonomic nervous system

63
Q

Pons

A

Bridge information between cerebellum and medula

64
Q

Part of midbrain

A

top of pons that connect forebrain and hindbrain

65
Q

Cerebrum function

A

Largest part of the brain responsible for senses, personality, and intelligence

66
Q

Significance in left and right side of cerebrum

A

left is logical side, right is artistic side

67
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer sheet of neurons on cerebrum made up of grey matter with deep fissures

68
Q

Cerebral cortex function

A

Coordinating center for sensory information and voluntary movements

69
Q

Lobes of the cerebral cortex (4)

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital

70
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Initiation of movement, speech, intelligence, personality, and reasoning

71
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for speech

A

broca’s area

72
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

hearing smell, memory, understanding speech, emotions

73
Q

which part of the brain is responsible for understanding speech

A

Wernicke’s area

74
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

Responsible for interpretating senses recieved by skin receptors, somatosensory area

75
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

Vision and recongnition

76
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Responsible for communication between two hemispheres, involved in multitasking

77
Q

thalamus

A

relay center for sensory information to various lobes of cerebral cortex

78
Q

Which side of the body is controlled by which side of the brain

A

Left side of body is controlled by right side of brain, and vice versa

79
Q

Parts of the peripheral nervous system (2)

A

Sensory somatic and autonomic

80
Q

Part of peripheral nervous system under voluntary control

A

Sensory somatic system

81
Q

function of sensory somatic system

A

senses and responds to external environment

82
Q

Nerves from the sensory somatic system

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

83
Q

Function of the autonomic nervous system

A

senses and responds to internal environment, involuntary control

84
Q

Functions of hypothalamus (2)

A

Regulates temperature and controls hormone production

85
Q

Two parts of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

86
Q

Sympathetic nervous system function

A

Prepares body for stress, releases acetylcholine

87
Q

Origin of nerves from the sympathetic nervous system

A

throacic and lumbar portions of spine, ganglia near spinal cord end

88
Q

Parasymphathetic nervous system function

A

Slows, returns body back to normal, releases norephinephrine

89
Q

Parasympathetic nerves origin

A

cervical and sacral parts of the spine, includes 12 cranial nerves, ganglia near organs, post ganglionic nerve releases acetylcholine and nitrous oxide as neurotransmittors

90
Q

Vasgus nerve

A

Cranial nerve that is responsible for maintaining heart rate and controlling digestion

91
Q

What happens to the heart when neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic nervous system?

A

Heart rate increases

92
Q

What happens to the heart when neurotransmitter is released from parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Heart rate decreases

93
Q

What happens to the digestive tract when neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic nervous system?

A

Parastalis decreases

94
Q

What happens to the digestive tract when neurotransmitter is released from parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Digestion increases

95
Q

What happens to the liver when neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic nervous system?

A

Releases more glucose

96
Q

What happens to the bladder when neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic nervous system

A

sphincter is controlled

97
Q

What happens to the skin when neurotransmitter is released from the sympathetic nervous system

A

Blood flow to skin decreases

98
Q

Sclera function

A

strong, outermost layer of the eye for protection

99
Q

Choroid function

A

middle layer, contains blood vessels which nourishes retina

100
Q

retina

A

innermost layer that contains photoreceptors

101
Q

Optic nerve

A

Recieves stimulis and transmits it to visual cortex for interpretation

102
Q

Blind spot

A

Area on retina that lacks photoreceptors

103
Q

Fovea centralis

A

most light sensitive area, dense in cones

104
Q

Virteous humor

A

maintains shape, medium for light travel

105
Q

cillary muscle

A

voluntarily controls shape of the eye

106
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Supplies nutrients to the eye

107
Q

cornea

A

thin outer flap that supplies nutrients to the pupil

108
Q

Lens

A

changes shape to bring an image into focus

109
Q

Accomendation

A

lens changing shape to focus

110
Q

shape of lens for far sight

A

cillary muscles relax, lens become thin and flat

111
Q

Shape of lens for close sight

A

cillary muscles contract, lens become fat and round

112
Q

Rods

A

low intensity light, interprets visual stimuli in black and white

113
Q

Cones

A

interprets high intensity light (color)

114
Q

Human rod to cone ratio

A

20:1

115
Q

Rhodopsin

A

pigment in rods

116
Q

Retinene

A

vitamin A derivatice

117
Q

What two compounds is rhodopsin made up of

A

retinene and opsin

118
Q

What happens when rods are not functional (in the light)

A

Rhodopsin divides into opsin and retinine, which allow bipolar cells to have action potential

119
Q

Cones

A

Contain pigment photopsin which is less sensitive to light than rhodopsin. Each cone is sensitive to primary colors RGB

120
Q

Optic chaism

A

Where the left occiptal nerve reciving input from the right eye and right occipital nerve from the left eye meets

121
Q

Function of outer ear

A

collects and funnels sound waves

122
Q

Parts of the outer ear (2)

A

Pinna and auditory canal

123
Q

Pinna function

A

visible outer portion that collects and channels sound waves into auditory canal

124
Q

Auditory canal

A

Carries sound waves to typanum

125
Q

Components of middle ear(2)

A

Eustachian tube and ossicles

126
Q

ossciles

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

127
Q

Function of ossicles

A

Carry and amplify sound to oval window, which then transmits vibrations to fluid of inner ear

128
Q

How is pressure dissapated

A

As oval window is pushed in, round window, which is connected to estachian tube with air pocket that connects to nose and mouth, is pushed out

129
Q

Middle ear function

A

Amplifies sound waves

130
Q

Typanum

A

eardrum

131
Q

Function of inner ear

A

creates nerve impulses for sound and balance

132
Q

Cochlea

A

coiled tube that convers sound waves into nerve impulses

133
Q

How is volume determined

A

by amplitude of sound waves

134
Q

function of hearing aid

A

amplifies sound and reduces background noises

135
Q

Cochlear implant

A

sends electrochemical impulse to auditory nerve

136
Q

Pitch

A

determined by frequency of sound waves

Biology 30 IB (4 decks)

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