DNA

Question 1

What did Griffith discover about DNA

Answer 1

He came up with the idea that something is exchanged between virulent and non-virulent bacteria, but didn’t know how that change was caused

Question 2

WHat did Hammerling discover

Answer 2

Hereditary material is in nucleus, but didn’t know whether it came from histones (proteins) or DNA

Question 3

What did Heersey & Chase discover?

Answer 3

They discovered that DNA is the hereditary material

Question 4

What did Levene and Chargaff discover?

Answer 4

DNA is made up of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine)

Question 5

Pyrimidine structure

Answer 5

single ring

Question 6

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines

Answer 6

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Question 7

What nitrogenous bases are purines

Answer 7

Adenine and Guanine

Question 8

Structure of purine

Answer 8

Double ring

Question 9

What did Watson and Crick discover?

Answer 9

The Structure of DNA (Double helix with two strands of antiparallel nucleotides)

Question 10

Bond between Adenine and Thymine

Answer 10

double hydrogen bond

Question 11

Bond between cytosine and guanine

Answer 11

triple hydrogen bond

Question 12

What did Meselson and Stahl discover

Answer 12

How DNA replication happens (Semi conservatively)

Question 13

Semi conservative replication

Answer 13

Parent strands act as templates, and is paired up with new complememtary strands. This results in two strands of DNA with half parent DNA and half new DNA)

Question 14

Conservative replication

Answer 14

Two new DNA is created, one only has parent DNA and the other only has new DNA

Question 15

DNA Helicase in replication

Answer 15

Breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases, unwinding the double helix

Question 16

How is the replication fork kept open

Answer 16

DNA binding proteins

Question 17

Primase in replication

Answer 17

Attaches an RNA primer to the single strand, providing a starting place for adding nucleotides

Question 18

Difference in nitrogenous bases between DNA and RNA

Answer 18

RNA has uracil, DNA has thymine

Question 19

Which sugars does RNA and DNA use

Answer 19

Ribose and Deoxyribose

Question 20

Role of DNA Polymerase 3

Answer 20

Adds nucleotides at the RNA primerm going only in the 5’ to 3’ direction

Question 21

Leading strand vs lagging strand

Answer 21

Leading strand can have bases added all in one go, while lagging strand must have multiple primers and be added in okasaki fragments

Question 22

Role of DNA Polymerase 1

Answer 22

Cuts out RNA primers and replaces with DNA

Question 23

Role of DNA ligase

Answer 23

Links okasaki fragments together at the sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 24

Three types of RNA

Answer 24

mRNA. tRNA, and rRNA

Question 25

Overveiw of Transcription

Answer 25

DNA into mrRNA

Question 26

What is being used to open double helix in transcription (at promoter region)

Answer 26

RNA polymerase

Question 27

Functions of RNA polymerase (2)

Answer 27

Opens double helix and makes mRNA sequence that complements the template DNA strand

Question 28

What happens in transcription when RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence

Answer 28

Disconnects along with RNA strand created

Question 29

Overveiw of translation

Answer 29

mRNA into polypeptide

Question 30

How does a ribosome read the mRNA

Answer 30

it reads the condons (3 nucleotides)

Question 31

role of tRNA

Answer 31

Carries an amino acid and has an anticodon that connects to mRNA

Question 32

Why are cells different even though they have the same DNA

Answer 32

Some DNA is not expressed

Question 33

Introns

Answer 33

non-coding DNA

Question 34

How does a mature mRNA get rid of introns

Answer 34

Slice them out with splicesome

Question 35

Mutations

Answer 35

Changes in DNA that control evolution

Question 36

Are most mutations harmful

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

How does most mutations happen

Answer 37

spontaneous mistakes made by DNA Polymerase 3 or 1 (accident)

Question 38

Induced mutation cause

Answer 38

mutagens

Question 39

Point mutations

Answer 39

Changes to a single base pairing

Question 40

Silent mutations

Answer 40

When change results in same anino acid sequence with no affect on protein

Question 41

Missense mutation

Answer 41

Amino acid changes due to change in base, altering protein function

Question 42

Nonsense mutation

Answer 42

Change in base produces an early stop codon that prevents much of the protein from being translated

Question 43

Frameshift mutations

Answer 43

Changes in reading frame

Question 44

Deletion mutation

Answer 44

Base pair missing, everything shifts left

Question 45

Insertion mutation

Answer 45

Base pair is added, everything shfits right

Question 46

what is the purpose of PCR

Answer 46

To amplify small amounts of DNA

Question 47

Why is Taq1 polymerase favored over DNA polumerase in PCR

Answer 47

It is heat stable and can withstand the high temperature required to seperate strands of DNA

Question 48

Purpose of gel electrophoresis

Answer 48

Seperates fragments of DNA according to size

Question 49

How does DNA fingerprinting work

Answer 49

Introns of DNA are compared

Question 50

why are exons not compared in DNA fingerprinting

Answer 50

Nearly all people have the same proteins, so exons are very similar

Question 51

what is a GMO

Answer 51

an organism that has been genetically altered

Question 52

transgenic way of making GMO

Answer 52

gene is transferred between two non closely related species

Question 53

cisgenic way of making GMO

Answer 53

Gene is transferred between same species or closely related species

Question 54

subgenic way of making GMO

Answer 54

gene is edited directly