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Biology 30 IB > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Griffith discover about DNA

A

He came up with the idea that something is exchanged between virulent and non-virulent bacteria, but didn’t know how that change was caused

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2
Q

WHat did Hammerling discover

A

Hereditary material is in nucleus, but didn’t know whether it came from histones (proteins) or DNA

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3
Q

What did Heersey & Chase discover?

A

They discovered that DNA is the hereditary material

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4
Q

What did Levene and Chargaff discover?

A

DNA is made up of four nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine)

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5
Q

Pyrimidine structure

A

single ring

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6
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

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7
Q

What nitrogenous bases are purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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8
Q

Structure of purine

A

Double ring

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9
Q

What did Watson and Crick discover?

A

The Structure of DNA (Double helix with two strands of antiparallel nucleotides)

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10
Q

Bond between Adenine and Thymine

A

double hydrogen bond

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11
Q

Bond between cytosine and guanine

A

triple hydrogen bond

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12
Q

What did Meselson and Stahl discover

A

How DNA replication happens (Semi conservatively)

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13
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

Parent strands act as templates, and is paired up with new complememtary strands. This results in two strands of DNA with half parent DNA and half new DNA)

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14
Q

Conservative replication

A

Two new DNA is created, one only has parent DNA and the other only has new DNA

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15
Q

DNA Helicase in replication

A

Breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases, unwinding the double helix

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16
Q

How is the replication fork kept open

A

DNA binding proteins

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17
Q

Primase in replication

A

Attaches an RNA primer to the single strand, providing a starting place for adding nucleotides

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18
Q

Difference in nitrogenous bases between DNA and RNA

A

RNA has uracil, DNA has thymine

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19
Q

Which sugars does RNA and DNA use

A

Ribose and Deoxyribose

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20
Q

Role of DNA Polymerase 3

A

Adds nucleotides at the RNA primerm going only in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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21
Q

Leading strand vs lagging strand

A

Leading strand can have bases added all in one go, while lagging strand must have multiple primers and be added in okasaki fragments

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22
Q

Role of DNA Polymerase 1

A

Cuts out RNA primers and replaces with DNA

23
Q

Role of DNA ligase

A

Links okasaki fragments together at the sugar-phosphate backbone

24
Q

Three types of RNA

A

mRNA. tRNA, and rRNA

25
Q

Overveiw of Transcription

A

DNA into mrRNA

26
Q

What is being used to open double helix in transcription (at promoter region)

A

RNA polymerase

27
Q

Functions of RNA polymerase (2)

A

Opens double helix and makes mRNA sequence that complements the template DNA strand

28
Q

What happens in transcription when RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence

A

Disconnects along with RNA strand created

29
Q

Overveiw of translation

A

mRNA into polypeptide

30
Q

How does a ribosome read the mRNA

A

it reads the condons (3 nucleotides)

31
Q

role of tRNA

A

Carries an amino acid and has an anticodon that connects to mRNA

32
Q

Why are cells different even though they have the same DNA

A

Some DNA is not expressed

33
Q

Introns

A

non-coding DNA

34
Q

How does a mature mRNA get rid of introns

A

Slice them out with splicesome

35
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in DNA that control evolution

36
Q

Are most mutations harmful

A

yes

37
Q

How does most mutations happen

A

spontaneous mistakes made by DNA Polymerase 3 or 1 (accident)

38
Q

Induced mutation cause

A

mutagens

39
Q

Point mutations

A

Changes to a single base pairing

40
Q

Silent mutations

A

When change results in same anino acid sequence with no affect on protein

41
Q

Missense mutation

A

Amino acid changes due to change in base, altering protein function

42
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Change in base produces an early stop codon that prevents much of the protein from being translated

43
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

Changes in reading frame

44
Q

Deletion mutation

A

Base pair missing, everything shifts left

45
Q

Insertion mutation

A

Base pair is added, everything shfits right

46
Q

what is the purpose of PCR

A

To amplify small amounts of DNA

47
Q

Why is Taq1 polymerase favored over DNA polumerase in PCR

A

It is heat stable and can withstand the high temperature required to seperate strands of DNA

48
Q

Purpose of gel electrophoresis

A

Seperates fragments of DNA according to size

49
Q

How does DNA fingerprinting work

A

Introns of DNA are compared

50
Q

why are exons not compared in DNA fingerprinting

A

Nearly all people have the same proteins, so exons are very similar

51
Q

what is a GMO

A

an organism that has been genetically altered

52
Q

transgenic way of making GMO

A

gene is transferred between two non closely related species

53
Q

cisgenic way of making GMO

A

Gene is transferred between same species or closely related species

54
Q

subgenic way of making GMO

A

gene is edited directly

Biology 30 IB (4 decks)

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