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Biology 30 IB > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine System

A

A communication system using hormones which causes change in metabolic activity. The changes happen relatively slowly and the effect is long lasting

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2
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical regulator produced in one part of the body (gland) which affects another part of the body (target cells)

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3
Q

How is the distribution of hormones regulated>

A

Negative feedback loops

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4
Q

Non-target hormone

A

Communicates with and affects multiple tissues in the body

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5
Q

Target hormones

A

Affects specific body cells

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6
Q

Tropic hormone

A

A target hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to release a second hormone

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7
Q

Protein hormones

A

Affect cells by binding to receptor site outside target cell, as they are polar and have trouble bypassing the phospholipid bilayer

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8
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Diffuses into the cell and binds to receptors inside the target cell

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9
Q

What do hormones control?

A

Rate of metabolism, blood sugar concentration, water content (blood pressure), mineral concentration, reproduction, and growth and repair

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10
Q

Gland

A

Responsible for production and secretion/excretion of hormones

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11
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones that stay within the blood stream

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12
Q

Exocrine gland

A

excrete hormones that eventually leave the body

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13
Q

Which part of the brain is in control of the entire endocrine system>?

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Pituatary gland

A

Small, sac like structure at the base of the brain which is directly connected to the hypothalamus

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15
Q

What does the pituatary gland control

A

The activity of all other endocrine glands

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16
Q

Anterior pituatary gland

A

Secretes hormones and releases them on command from the hypothalamus

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17
Q

Which hormones does the anterior pituatary make

A

TSH, ACTH, hGH, FSH, CH, and PRL

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18
Q

Posterior pituatary

A

Stores hormones made in the hypothalamus and releases it to target cells on command

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19
Q

Which two hormones can the hypothalamus secrete?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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20
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Endocrine and exocrine (excretes enzymes for digestion)

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21
Q

Which cells in the pancreas prduce hormones?

A

Islets of Langerhans

22
Q

What do alpha cells produce

A

Glucagon

23
Q

Role of glucagon

A

Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release glucose from adipose

24
Q

When and why is glucagon released

A

glucagon is released when blood sugar is low, and it raises blood sugar

25
Q

What do beta cells of the pancreas release

A

Insulin

26
Q

Role of insulin and when is it released

A

Insullin stimulates the liver to convert glucose from the bloodstream into glycogen for storage, the muscles to utilize glucose in cellular respiration, and to convert sugars into fat. Insulin is released to decrease glucose level

27
Q

What type of horones are glucagon and insulin?

A

Non-target hormones

28
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

A chronic diisease characterized by trouble in regulating blood sugar

29
Q

Hyperglycemic definition

A

High blood sugar

30
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas does not produce enough insulin since white blood cells attack beta cells

31
Q

Type two diabetes

A

Insulin receptors no longer respond to insulin

32
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Constant state of hyperglycemia which is only temporary during pregnancy, with all structures still being functional

33
Q

Treatment for diabetes completed by banting and best

A

Islets of Langerhans are transported from dogs and into a young boy to treat type one diabetes

34
Q

How is synthetic insulin produced?

A

Genetically modified bacteria

35
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located

A

Top of trachea

36
Q

Where is TRH produced and what does it do

A

Produced in the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release TSH

37
Q

What does TSH do

A

Stimulates the thyroid to release throxine

38
Q

What are the two compounds known as throxine collectively

A

T3 and T4

39
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

High thyroid secretions, resulting in abnormally high metabolism

40
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Low thyroid secretions leading to abnormally slow metabolism and iodine deficiency

41
Q

How does hypothyroidism affect a child

A

Dwarfism and mental retardation

42
Q

How does hypothyroidism affect an adult

A

Myxedema (dry skin, fatigue, obesity, depression)

43
Q

Goitor

A

Condition caused by low iodine characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid (too much TSH in thyroid area)

44
Q

What are vitamins and minerals also known as

A

coenzymes and cofactors

45
Q

Calcitonin

A

Hormone released by thyroid to decrease blood calcium levels by storing calcium in bones and inhibiting absorption of calcium in kidneys or intestines

46
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

4 small glands attached to thyroid

47
Q

What does the parthyroid release

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone), which increases blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from bones and increasing absorption of calcium in kidneys and intestines

48
Q

Human growth hormone (hGH) production place

A

Anterior pituatary

49
Q

What does hGH do

A

Stimulates the liver to secrete growth factors which promote protein synthesis, cell division, growth of bone and muscle, metabolizing fats

50
Q

How does hypersecretion of hGH affect adults and children?

A

Adults- acromegly (abnormal bone growth), Children- Gigantism

Biology 30 IB (4 decks)

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