Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine System

Answer 1

A communication system using hormones which causes change in metabolic activity. The changes happen relatively slowly and the effect is long lasting

Question 2

Hormone

Answer 2

Chemical regulator produced in one part of the body (gland) which affects another part of the body (target cells)

Question 3

How is the distribution of hormones regulated>

Answer 3

Negative feedback loops

Question 4

Non-target hormone

Answer 4

Communicates with and affects multiple tissues in the body

Question 5

Target hormones

Answer 5

Affects specific body cells

Question 6

Tropic hormone

Answer 6

A target hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to release a second hormone

Question 7

Protein hormones

Answer 7

Affect cells by binding to receptor site outside target cell, as they are polar and have trouble bypassing the phospholipid bilayer

Question 8

Steroid hormones

Answer 8

Diffuses into the cell and binds to receptors inside the target cell

Question 9

What do hormones control?

Answer 9

Rate of metabolism, blood sugar concentration, water content (blood pressure), mineral concentration, reproduction, and growth and repair

Question 10

Gland

Answer 10

Responsible for production and secretion/excretion of hormones

Question 11

Endocrine glands

Answer 11

secrete hormones that stay within the blood stream

Question 12

Exocrine gland

Answer 12

excrete hormones that eventually leave the body

Question 13

Which part of the brain is in control of the entire endocrine system>?

Answer 13

Hypothalamus

Question 14

Pituatary gland

Answer 14

Small, sac like structure at the base of the brain which is directly connected to the hypothalamus

Question 15

What does the pituatary gland control

Answer 15

The activity of all other endocrine glands

Question 16

Anterior pituatary gland

Answer 16

Secretes hormones and releases them on command from the hypothalamus

Question 17

Which hormones does the anterior pituatary make

Answer 17

TSH, ACTH, hGH, FSH, CH, and PRL

Question 18

Posterior pituatary

Answer 18

Stores hormones made in the hypothalamus and releases it to target cells on command

Question 19

Which two hormones can the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 19

ADH and oxytocin

Question 20

What type of gland is the pancreas?

Answer 20

Endocrine and exocrine (excretes enzymes for digestion)

Question 21

Which cells in the pancreas prduce hormones?

Answer 21

Islets of Langerhans

Question 22

What do alpha cells produce

Answer 22

Glucagon

Question 23

Role of glucagon

Answer 23

Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release glucose from adipose

Question 24

When and why is glucagon released

Answer 24

glucagon is released when blood sugar is low, and it raises blood sugar

Question 25

What do beta cells of the pancreas release

Answer 25

Insulin

Question 26

Role of insulin and when is it released

Answer 26

Insullin stimulates the liver to convert glucose from the bloodstream into glycogen for storage, the muscles to utilize glucose in cellular respiration, and to convert sugars into fat. Insulin is released to decrease glucose level

Question 27

What type of horones are glucagon and insulin?

Answer 27

Non-target hormones

Question 28

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 28

A chronic diisease characterized by trouble in regulating blood sugar

Question 29

Hyperglycemic definition

Answer 29

High blood sugar

Question 30

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 30

Pancreas does not produce enough insulin since white blood cells attack beta cells

Question 31

Type two diabetes

Answer 31

Insulin receptors no longer respond to insulin

Question 32

Gestational diabetes

Answer 32

Constant state of hyperglycemia which is only temporary during pregnancy, with all structures still being functional

Question 33

Treatment for diabetes completed by banting and best

Answer 33

Islets of Langerhans are transported from dogs and into a young boy to treat type one diabetes

Question 34

How is synthetic insulin produced?

Answer 34

Genetically modified bacteria

Question 35

Where is the thyroid gland located

Answer 35

Top of trachea

Question 36

Where is TRH produced and what does it do

Answer 36

Produced in the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release TSH

Question 37

What does TSH do

Answer 37

Stimulates the thyroid to release throxine

Question 38

What are the two compounds known as throxine collectively

Answer 38

T3 and T4

Question 39

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 39

High thyroid secretions, resulting in abnormally high metabolism

Question 40

Hypothyroidism

Answer 40

Low thyroid secretions leading to abnormally slow metabolism and iodine deficiency

Question 41

How does hypothyroidism affect a child

Answer 41

Dwarfism and mental retardation

Question 42

How does hypothyroidism affect an adult

Answer 42

Myxedema (dry skin, fatigue, obesity, depression)

Question 43

Goitor

Answer 43

Condition caused by low iodine characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid (too much TSH in thyroid area)

Question 44

What are vitamins and minerals also known as

Answer 44

coenzymes and cofactors

Question 45

Calcitonin

Answer 45

Hormone released by thyroid to decrease blood calcium levels by storing calcium in bones and inhibiting absorption of calcium in kidneys or intestines

Question 46

Parathyroid gland

Answer 46

4 small glands attached to thyroid

Question 47

What does the parthyroid release

Answer 47

PTH (parathyroid hormone), which increases blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from bones and increasing absorption of calcium in kidneys and intestines

Question 48

Human growth hormone (hGH) production place

Answer 48

Anterior pituatary

Question 49

What does hGH do

Answer 49

Stimulates the liver to secrete growth factors which promote protein synthesis, cell division, growth of bone and muscle, metabolizing fats

Question 50

How does hypersecretion of hGH affect adults and children?

Answer 50

Adults- acromegly (abnormal bone growth), Children- Gigantism