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reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what does GnRH cause?

A

the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.

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2
Q

what do FSH and LH do?

A
  • These 2 protein hormones act together at the gonads to effect:
  • gametogenesis: sperm production in the testes and follicle development around ova in the ovary
  • steroidogenesis: hormone production
    male: testosterone and inhibin * female: estrogen, progesterone, inhibin.
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3
Q

hormonal control of the testes androgen targets.

A

Accessory glands for semen production.

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4
Q

hormonal control of the testes Seminal fluid:

A

makes sperm motile, provides nutrients for sperm mobility. Neutralise acidic environment (uretha and vagina)

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5
Q

hormonal control of the testes prostatic fluid:

A

Neutralise acidic environment Antibiotic

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6
Q

hormonal control of the testes bulbourethral glands:

A

Mucus to neutralize acidic environment Lubrication of penis tip.

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7
Q

the journey of LH.

A

activate Leydig cells to make testosterone. This can then activate (locally) sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis or inhibin.

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8
Q

Journey of FSH. male

A

activate Sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis and/or inhibin.

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9
Q

negtaive feedback loops for LH and FSH.

A

when making inhibin this will stop FSH only. When enough testosterone is made this will stop the making of LH.

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10
Q

how does testosterone travel?

A

bound to carrier proteins.

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11
Q

when is progesterone the highest?

A

luteal phase

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12
Q

when is estrogen the highest ?

A

follicular phase.

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13
Q

where are testosterone and sperm produced?

A

testes

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14
Q

what is the function of the epididymus ?

A

sperm storage (around the testes)

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15
Q

What would you see if you cut the tubule in half?

A

Pink and blue dots. Blue dots maturing as they move closer to the middle. Maturing inbetween – stertoli cells.

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16
Q

where are leydig cells located?

A

outside of seminiferous tubules.

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17
Q

LH journey for female reproduction.

A

Stimulates theca cells to make androgens. Androgens will then go to granulosa cells and activate estrogen production.

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18
Q

difference between endometrium and myometrium?

A

the myometrium is the muscle layer of the uterus and lines the inside of the uterus. endometrium lines the outside.

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19
Q

follicle

A

structure within the ovary that sits around the egg.

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20
Q

phases of the egg in follicular phase. (pre ovulation)

A

primordial follicle - primary follicle - secondary follicle - mature follicles.

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21
Q

What are immature eggs called?

A

primordial follicle.

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22
Q

what changes as the eggs get more mature.

A

They get more cells. Granulosa and Theca cells.

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23
Q

where are theca and granulosa cells located?

A

Granulosa in the middle, theca on outside

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24
Q

Corpora lutea

A

collesterol packed organ that create more sex steroid hormone.

25
phase of egg in luteal phase.
corpora lutea - corpus albicans - atrectic follicle
26
Corpus albicans
No fertilization = degeneration
27
FSH journey in female reproduction.
stimulates granulosa cells to make inhibin and influences oocytes.
28
Estrogen negative feedback loop.
back to the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. In ovaries, it has a positive feedback loop to the granulosa cells.
29
inhibin feedback loops.
negative to anterior pituitary (primarily stopping FSH)
30
what is the LH and GnRH surge?
pre-ovulation - when large amounts of estrogen are made instead of negative feedback it will be positive creating masses amounts of estrogen.
31
what is estrogens and progesterone help with the body.
Important in mood, cognitive function, libido * Important in bone growth and strength * Protective in heart, brain and metabolic health * Can contribute to reproductive tissue cancers.
32
Examples of steroid hormone feedback.
Oral contraceptive pill: taking advantage of the negative feedback to prevent pregnancy. Androgenic anabolic steroids: When too much negative feedback has negative consequences. Polycystic ovary syndrome: A syndrome resulting from impaired negative feedback.
33
the pill.
contains hormones - estrogen and progesterone. providing negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to reduce GnRH and LH/FSH release. The hormones also thicken cervical mucus to restrict the movement of sperm.
34
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
PCOS affects 1 in 10 women. - Most common cause of infertility associated with a metabolic syndrome, depression and endometrial cancer. 2 or 3 of these symptoms. Causes a break in the two-way communication between the brain and the ovary. Only brain to ovary. Increases amount of testosterone and LH.
35
cycle syncing pros
Pros * Aims to promote the most beneficial exercise at different cycle stages. * Acknowledges sex differences and menstruation and the impact of estrogen and progesterone on several body systems.
36
cycle syncing cons.
Cons * Based on a very limited amount of data, mostly from elite female athletes * Reductionist: suggests sex hormones are the most influential force on exercise motivation and ability.
37
when does mini puberty happen and what is this?
Shortly happens again after birth. Priming the axis and brain to be able to control adult production.
38
when does the hormones first "waken".
in development period - prior to birth.
39
when does estrogen fall for females after puberty.
menopause.
40
how does puberty begin
begins with increased night time GnRH/LH/FSH release, characterized by growth and secondary sex characteristics.
41
what causes menopause?
signals the end of the female reproductive life span and is characterized by a loss of gonadal steroid hormones and feedback.
42
how does puberty affect the difference in sports between males and females?
pre-puberty - similar performance. post-puberty - sex differences in performance. sport dependent.
43
female fat.
decreased skeletal muscle mass. increased total adipose tissue. decreased adipose tissue. increased subcutaneous adipose. oppisite to men.
44
male body composition
increased skeletal muscle mass. decreased total adipose tissue. increased adipose tissue. decreased subcutaneous adipose.
45
how does testosterobe effect red blood cells.
increases red blood cell number = increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
46
how does estrogen effect arteries?
protects against fatty deposits in arteries = reducing the risk of blocked arteries.
47
orgasm in the male.
contractions of the vas deferens, ejaculation of semen. SYMPATHETIC NERVE.
48
orgasm in female.
rhythmic contractions of vaginal and uterine muscles. SYMPATHETIC
49
arousal in male
penile arteries dilate. erection. PARASYMPATHETIC
50
arousal in female.
dilation of arteries, increased blood pressure, lubrication. PARASYMPATHETIC
51
hormones of pregnancy.
human chorionic gonastrophin, estrogen and progesterone.
52
Where does hCG come from.
signal from dividing fertilized egg that maintains the corpus luteum in the ovary for ~3 months. this is what a pregnancy test is looking for.
53
should you exercise during pregnancy?
yes
54
what hormones cause lactation?
oxytocin and prolactin.
55
the journey to milk ejection.
suckling - nipple mechanoreceptor stimulation - posterior pituitary ( increases oxytocin scretion) increases plasma oxytocin - contraction of myoepithial cells - milk ejection.
56
the journey to milk synthesising.
suckling - nipple mechanoreceptor stimulation - hypothalamus (decreases dopamine secretion) - decreases plasma dopamine - anterior putuitary increases prolactin secretion - plasma prolactin - gland cell stimulation - increase milk synthesis.
57
OXYTOCIN
posterior pituitary, milk ejection.
58
PROLACTIN
anterior pituitary, milk synthesis.

physiology (11 decks)

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