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physiology > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what does GnRH cause?

A

the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.

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2
Q

what do FSH and LH do?

A
  • These 2 protein hormones act together at the gonads to effect:
  • gametogenesis: sperm production in the testes and follicle development around ova in the ovary
  • steroidogenesis: hormone production
    male: testosterone and inhibin * female: estrogen, progesterone, inhibin.
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3
Q

hormonal control of the testes androgen targets.

A

Accessory glands for semen production.

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4
Q

hormonal control of the testes Seminal fluid:

A

makes sperm motile, provides nutrients for sperm mobility. Neutralise acidic environment (uretha and vagina)

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5
Q

hormonal control of the testes prostatic fluid:

A

Neutralise acidic environment Antibiotic

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6
Q

hormonal control of the testes bulbourethral glands:

A

Mucus to neutralize acidic environment Lubrication of penis tip.

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7
Q

the journey of LH.

A

activate Leydig cells to make testosterone. This can then activate (locally) sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis or inhibin.

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8
Q

Journey of FSH. male

A

activate Sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis and/or inhibin.

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9
Q

negtaive feedback loops for LH and FSH.

A

when making inhibin this will stop FSH only. When enough testosterone is made this will stop the making of LH.

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10
Q

how does testosterone travel?

A

bound to carrier proteins.

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11
Q

when is progesterone the highest?

A

luteal phase

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12
Q

when is estrogen the highest ?

A

follicular phase.

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13
Q

where are testosterone and sperm produced?

A

testes

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14
Q

what is the function of the epididymus ?

A

sperm storage (around the testes)

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15
Q

What would you see if you cut the tubule in half?

A

Pink and blue dots. Blue dots maturing as they move closer to the middle. Maturing inbetween – stertoli cells.

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16
Q

where are leydig cells located?

A

outside of seminiferous tubules.

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17
Q

LH journey for female reproduction.

A

Stimulates theca cells to make androgens. Androgens will then go to granulosa cells and activate estrogen production.

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18
Q

difference between endometrium and myometrium?

A

the myometrium is the muscle layer of the uterus and lines the inside of the uterus. endometrium lines the outside.

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19
Q

follicle

A

structure within the ovary that sits around the egg.

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20
Q

phases of the egg in follicular phase. (pre ovulation)

A

primordial follicle - primary follicle - secondary follicle - mature follicles.

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21
Q

What are immature eggs called?

A

primordial follicle.

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22
Q

what changes as the eggs get more mature.

A

They get more cells. Granulosa and Theca cells.

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23
Q

where are theca and granulosa cells located?

A

Granulosa in the middle, theca on outside

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24
Q

Corpora lutea

A

collesterol packed organ that create more sex steroid hormone.

25
Q

phase of egg in luteal phase.

A

corpora lutea - corpus albicans - atrectic follicle

26
Q

Corpus albicans

A

No fertilization = degeneration

27
Q

FSH journey in female reproduction.

A

stimulates granulosa cells to make inhibin and influences oocytes.

28
Q

Estrogen negative feedback loop.

A

back to the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. In ovaries, it has a positive feedback loop to the granulosa cells.

29
Q

inhibin feedback loops.

A

negative to anterior pituitary (primarily stopping FSH)

30
Q

what is the LH and GnRH surge?

A

pre-ovulation - when large amounts of estrogen are made instead of negative feedback it will be positive creating masses amounts of estrogen.

31
Q

what is estrogens and progesterone help with the body.

A

Important in mood, cognitive function, libido * Important in bone growth and strength * Protective in heart, brain and metabolic health * Can contribute to reproductive tissue cancers.

32
Q

Examples of steroid hormone feedback.

A

Oral contraceptive pill: taking advantage of the negative feedback to prevent pregnancy.
Androgenic anabolic steroids: When too much negative feedback has negative consequences.
Polycystic ovary syndrome: A syndrome resulting from impaired negative feedback.

33
Q

the pill.

A

contains hormones - estrogen and progesterone. providing negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to reduce GnRH and LH/FSH release. The hormones also thicken cervical mucus to restrict the movement of sperm.

34
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

A

PCOS affects 1 in 10 women.
- Most common cause of infertility associated with a metabolic syndrome, depression and endometrial cancer.
2 or 3 of these symptoms.

Causes a break in the two-way communication between the brain and the ovary. Only brain to ovary.

Increases amount of testosterone and LH.

35
Q

cycle syncing pros

A

Pros * Aims to promote the most beneficial exercise at different cycle stages. * Acknowledges sex differences and menstruation and the impact of estrogen and progesterone on several body systems.

36
Q

cycle syncing cons.

A

Cons * Based on a very limited amount of data, mostly from elite female athletes * Reductionist: suggests sex hormones are the most influential force on exercise motivation and ability.

37
Q

when does mini puberty happen and what is this?

A

Shortly happens again after birth. Priming the axis and brain to be able to control adult production.

38
Q

when does the hormones first “waken”.

A

in development period - prior to birth.

39
Q

when does estrogen fall for females after puberty.

A

menopause.

40
Q

how does puberty begin

A

begins with increased night time GnRH/LH/FSH release, characterized by growth and secondary sex characteristics.

41
Q

what causes menopause?

A

signals the end of the female reproductive life span and is characterized by a loss of gonadal steroid hormones and feedback.

42
Q

how does puberty affect the difference in sports between males and females?

A

pre-puberty - similar performance.
post-puberty - sex differences in performance. sport dependent.

43
Q

female fat.

A

decreased skeletal muscle mass.
increased total adipose tissue.
decreased adipose tissue.
increased subcutaneous adipose.
oppisite to men.

44
Q

male body composition

A

increased skeletal muscle mass.
decreased total adipose tissue.
increased adipose tissue.
decreased subcutaneous adipose.

45
Q

how does testosterobe effect red blood cells.

A

increases red blood cell number = increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.

46
Q

how does estrogen effect arteries?

A

protects against fatty deposits in arteries = reducing the risk of blocked arteries.

47
Q

orgasm in the male.

A

contractions of the vas deferens, ejaculation of semen. SYMPATHETIC NERVE.

48
Q

orgasm in female.

A

rhythmic contractions of vaginal and uterine muscles. SYMPATHETIC

49
Q

arousal in male

A

penile arteries dilate. erection. PARASYMPATHETIC

50
Q

arousal in female.

A

dilation of arteries, increased blood pressure, lubrication. PARASYMPATHETIC

51
Q

hormones of pregnancy.

A

human chorionic gonastrophin, estrogen and progesterone.

52
Q

Where does hCG come from.

A

signal from dividing fertilized egg that maintains the corpus luteum in the ovary for ~3 months. this is what a pregnancy test is looking for.

53
Q

should you exercise during pregnancy?

A

yes

54
Q

what hormones cause lactation?

A

oxytocin and prolactin.

55
Q

the journey to milk ejection.

A

suckling - nipple mechanoreceptor stimulation - posterior pituitary ( increases oxytocin scretion) increases plasma oxytocin - contraction of myoepithial cells - milk ejection.

56
Q

the journey to milk synthesising.

A

suckling - nipple mechanoreceptor stimulation - hypothalamus (decreases dopamine secretion) - decreases plasma dopamine - anterior putuitary increases prolactin secretion - plasma prolactin - gland cell stimulation - increase milk synthesis.

57
Q

OXYTOCIN

A

posterior pituitary, milk ejection.

58
Q

PROLACTIN

A

anterior pituitary, milk synthesis.

physiology (11 decks)

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