reproduction

Question 1

what is the codes for development of male anatomy?

Answer 1

SRY codes for TDF and that initiates the development of male anatomy

Question 2

which tubule produces sperm?

Answer 2

seminiferous tubule

Question 3

which place has blood vessels in the testes?

Answer 3

this is the spermatic cord.

Question 4

what is the lutenizing hormone in men?

Answer 4

stimulates interstitual in the testes to produce testosterone.

Question 5

what does the follicle-stimulating hormone do in men?

Answer 5

stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen binding protein, binds testosterone keeping in seminiferous tuble to stimulate spermatogenesis

Question 6

what would happen to the hormones of a castrated animal?

Answer 6

increase in LH and FSH since there is now no regulation

Question 7

what is the production rate of sperm?

Answer 7

200 million/day

Question 8

what is the temperature optimal for sperm?

Answer 8

2-3 degrees lower than the body temp

Question 9

where do sperm mature?

Answer 9

epididymis

Question 10

what are type A spermatogonium

Answer 10

this is a stem cell precursor that divides into type B sperm,

Question 11

what are type B spermatogonium?

Answer 11

these grow and become primary spermocytes

Question 12

what is an acrosome?

Answer 12

this is the enzyme cap that penetrates the egg

Question 13

what is spermiogenesis?

Answer 13

this is where the sperm discards excess cytoplasm and grows a tail,

Question 14

how is puberty triggered in females

Answer 14

increased GnRH stimulating anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

Question 15

what is oogenesis?

Answer 15

this is egg production producing haploid gametes by meiosis occurring once a month

Question 16

what is atresia?

Answer 16

this is when oocytes degenerate at birth.

Question 17

what are oogonia

Answer 17

these are the precursors of oocytes.

Question 18

how many times will someone ovulate in their life?

Answer 18

480 times

Question 19

how many oocytes/follicles are developed into secondary oocytes per month?

Answer 19

~24 oocytes and follicles

Question 20

how many days in total does it take to get to ovulation?

Answer 20

290:
primordial follicle (140 days before) -> secondary (170 days before) -> tertiary (60 days before) -> ovulation -> corpus luteum

Question 21

what are the theca folliculi?

Answer 21

secrete androgens that are absorbed by the granulosa cells inside the follicles to form estrogen.

Question 22

what is ovarian cycle?

Answer 22

maturing follicle secretes estradiol -> estradiol stimulates hypothalamus and anterior pituitary -> hypo secretes GnRH -> GnRH and estradiol stimulate pituitary to secrete LH and FSH -> oocyte completes meiosis I; follicle rapidly enlarges then ovulates

Question 23

what is spermatogenesis

Answer 23

when sperm divide by mitosis, into either type A spermatogonium or type B spermatogonium:
A -> B -> primary -> secondary -> spermatids -> spermatozoa.

Question 24

what is the composition and function of semen?

Answer 24

Water, mucous (lubricant), buffers (neutralize acids), nutrients (fructose and other sugars), prostaglandins (smooth muscle contractions)

Question 25

what is the pathway of sperm?

Answer 25

testes -> epididymis \
prostate ->
cowper’s gland -> vas deferens -> urethra
seminal vesicle /

Question 26

which hormones are the strongest in pregnancy?

Answer 26

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic somatomammotropin.

Question 27

where are most hormones coming from during pregnancy?

Answer 27

placenta

Question 28

where does hGC come from?

Answer 28

blastocyst and placenta

Question 29

where does progesterone come from?

Answer 29

placenta and corpus luteum

Question 30

what are the factors of uterine contractility

Answer 30

1. progesterone and estradiol balance
2. oxytocin
3. conceptus may produce chemical stimuli promoting its own birth.
4. uterine stretching

Question 31

what is lactation controlled by?

Answer 31

prolactin (production and secretion) and oxytocin (ejection reflex)

Question 32

what is colostrum?

Answer 32

contains less fat than regular breast milk, and contains IgA to protect the baby from gastroenteritis.