endocrinology Flashcards
What is the adrenal medulla?
makes chemicals such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which are involved in sending nerve signals.
what are Mineralocorticoids?
Cause sodium retention and potassium excretion.
Part of the RAAS system (renin angiotensin aldosterone system)
Releases renin, renin will be the first step in a cascade, converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II which then works on different organs to increase blood pressure
what are Gluticorticoids?
Secreted in response to ACTH
Adapt to stress and repair tissue.
Stimulate fat and protein catabolism
Cushing syndrom (excess cortisol secretion)
Moon face and buffalo hump
Abnormal fat deposition
what are sex steroids
Androgens: set libido; prenatal male development (DHEA - other tissues convert to testosterone).
Estradiol: important for menopause and sustaining adult bone mass
what are pancreatic islets
Clusters in pancreas that regulates glycemia (blood sugar)
what do beta cells secrete
Release during and after meal in response to high blood glucose
Lowers blood glucose
Synthesizes glucose to glycogen, fat, and proteins
Suppresses use of stored fuels
Brain, liver, kidney and RBCs absorb glucose without insulin but other tissues require it.
what do alpha cells secrete
Released between meals in response to low blood sugar (maintaining glucose levels)
Primary function in liver
Stimulates release of glucose
Adipose tissue
Stimulates release of free fatty acids (lipolysis)
Released in response to rising AA levels in blood -> AA absorption.
what occurs when someone has diabetes?
either not enough insulin or the insulin is not working the way it should
Cells cannot absorb glucose
Rely on fat and protein for energy but the glucose cannot take up the fat and protein causing weight loss and weakness
Chronic hyperglycemia
Neuropathy, cardiovascular damage from atherosclerosis and microvascular disease.
what is type I diabetes
Insulin insufficiency
Autoantibodies attack and destroy beta cells
Insulin used to treat
Hereditary
what is type II diabetes
Insulin resistance
A lot of insulin being made cells cannot respond to insulin
Risk factors
Heredity
Age
Obesity
Ethnicity
Treatment
Weight-loss and exercise
Glucose-lowering medications
what kind of signals does the endocrine system secrete?
chemical signals in the form of hormones
Is the endocrine system faster than the nervous system?
endocrine is slow compared to the nervous.
what does the anterior pituitary secrete?
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
what does the posterior pituitary secrete?
what do delta cells secrete?
somatostatin
