Reproduction

Question 1

What is the etiology of carcinoma of the cervix?

What is the most common histological type ?

Is there a morphological method on which the prevention of the disease is based?

Squamous intraepithelial lesions and dysplasia - Definitions

Answer 1

Cervical Cancer = Cancer that occurs in Cells of Cervix, caused by HPV (Human Papillovirus), and STI

MOST COMMON Histological Type = SQUAMOUS Cell Carcinoma

MORPHOLOGICAL Method = PAP SMEAR Test

• Squamous Cells are THING + FLAT, and GROW on the SURFACE of a Healthy Cervix

1) SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION = This Term is USED to INDICATE the Cells from Pap Smear may be PRE-CANCEROUS

2) ATYPICAL GLANDULAR CELLS = Glandular Cells PRODUCE MUCOUS and GROW in the OPENING of the Cervix

Question 2

Types of Malignant cancer uterine body
-malignant ovary bodies

Answer 2

1) NEOPLASMS of the ENDOMETRIUM
a) POLYPS
- Reactive Response of ENDOMETRIUM to OESTROGEN
- Occurs around Menopause
- Asymptomatic / Uterine Bleeding

b) CARCINOMA
- UNOPPOSED Oestrogen in ENDOMETRIUM
- RFs include Obesity, DM + HT
- ABNORMAL Uterine Bleeding, POST-Menopausal Bleeding

2) NEOPLASMS of the MYOMETRIUM

3) LEIOMYOSARCOMA
- Malignant
- STIMULATED by Oestrogen
- SPREADS to Lungs

Question 3

Teratomas definition and morph

Answer 3

DEFINITION
- GERM CELL Tumours

• ## COMPOSED of MULTIPLE CELL Types, derived from 1 OR More of the 3 Germ LayersMORPHOLOGY
• Large
• GREY-WHITE Masses
• Cut Surface shows SOLID Areas, Cystic + Honey-combed Areas
• FOCI of Cartilage + Bone

Question 4

Abortion - microscopic pathognomonic characteristics

Answer 4

DEFINITION
- Abortion is TERMINATION of Pregnancy, BEFORE the 28th Week of GESTATION

• ## WITH EXPULSION of Embryo / Foetus that’s INCAPABLE of Survival3 MICROSCOPIC PATHGNOMONIC CHARACTERISTICS

1) Trophoblastic cells

2) Decidual endometrium – HYPERSECRETORY changes, RICH in glycogen

There are NO FETAL PRODUCTS in SPONTANEOUS Abortion

Question 5

Point out the possible sited and histological changes in ectopic pregnancy

Answer 5

ECTOPIC Pregnancy = IMPLANATATION of FERTILISED Ovum

POSSIBLE SITES
- Fallopian Tube
- Cervix
- Abdominal Cavity

HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES:
- Ovum is IMPEDED by LACK of Space, POOR Blood Supply + LIMITED Placental Space

• RUPTURE of TUBE occurs 2-6 weeks AFTER FERTILISATION, leading to HAEMORRHAGE + SHOCK, leading to Embryo DEATH, otherwise it dies AT 10 weeks
• Death results in DECLINE in Oestrogen, Progesterone + Endometrium BREAKS DOWN
• ABSENCE of CHORIONIC VILLI

Question 6

Gross and histology molar pregnancy

Answer 6

DEFINITION = ABNORMAL Product of Conception where there’s NO FOETUS

• Occurs in OLDER WOMEN
• Px has Vaginal Bleeding EARLY in Pregnancy

HISTOLOGY
0 Macro
- Uterus is FILLED with CYSTICALLY DILATED Chorionic Villi
- ENLARGED Villi undergo HYDROPIC Degeneration

0 Micro
- OEDEMATOUS Villi have degrees of OVERGROWTH of TROPHOBLASTIC Tissue

Question 7

Choriocarcinoma Definition And changes

Answer 7

DEFINITION = MALIGNANT Tumour of TROPHOBLASTIC Epithelium

METASTASIS TO Lungs, Vagina, Brain + Liver

CHANGES
- The Trophoblast GROWS WILDY
- WITHOUT PRODUCING Villi
- DEEPLY INVADES Myometrium

• SHEETS of CYTOTROPHOBLAST + SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST Cells are GROWING TOGETHER, UNCONTROLLABLY in a DOUBLE-LAYER Arrangement

Question 8

Give definition and describe the histological changes in fibrocystic breast disease

Answer 8

Fibrocystic Breast Disease AKA NON-PROLIFERATIVE Breast Changes

• Primarily AFFECTS TERMINAL DUCT

HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES
- CYSTIC Change in APORCINE Metaplasia, Fibrosis + Adenosis (INCREASE in N.O of Acini PER Lobule)

• CALCIFICATION within the Lumens
• Acini are LINED by COLUMNAR CELLS with Benign / Atypical Features

Question 9

Benign and malignant breast tumours (just this)

Answer 9

BENIGN Breast Tumours

1) FIBROADENOMA
- MOST COMMON!
- Occurs in YOUNG Women
- Well-Circumscribed, Firm, 1-10cm Diameter
- Composed of EPITHELIAL + STROMAL Cells

• IN PERICANALICULAR FORM, the Epithelial + Myoepithelial Cells form AROUND Elongated Ducts

2) PHYLLODES TUMOR
- AKA Giant Fibroadenoma

• Tumour GROW FASTER and REACH LARGER Proportions within a SHORT PERIOD
• Are TRUE SARCOMAS as they have a MALIGNANT STROMAL Component that’s HIGHLY Cellular + DENSE

3) LACTATIONAL ADENOMAS
- PALPABLE Masses, in Pregnant / Lactating Women

• Well-Circumscribed Mass
• YELLOWish Colour
• MARKED Vascularisation
• ## Are PROLIFERATED GLANDS that are LINED by ACTIVELY Secreting CUBOIDAL Cells2) MALIGNANT Breast Cancers

1) IN-SITU Breast Carcinoma
- Malignant Population of Cells LTD to Ducts + Lobules BY BASEMENT MEMBRANE

2) LOBULAR Carcinomas
- Composed of DYSCOHESIVE ROUND Cells WITH Oval / Round Nuclei

3) INVASIVE Carcinomas
- Palpable Mass
- FIXED to Chest Wall
- Nipple Retraction
- Lymphedema