Reproduction

Question 1

What is Asexual Reproduction?

Answer 1

The ability to produce offspring without having to find a mate.

Question 2

What is Binary Fission?

Answer 2

The splitting of one parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells e.g. Amoeba

Question 3

What is Binary Fission in Prokaryotes?

Answer 3

Division in half. Daughter cells are the same size as the parent cells. - No nucleus

Question 4

What is Binary Fission in Eukaryotes?

Answer 4

Division in half of single-celled eukaryotic organisms - Unicellular

Question 5

What is Mitosis?

Answer 5

The duplication of cells - PMAT x1

Question 6

What is Vegetative Propogation?

Answer 6

The plant releases runners from the parent plant that establish their own root system to obtain water and nutrients from the soil. The daughter cells are initially smaller than the parent cells.

Question 7

What is Budding?

Answer 7

A daughter organism is created from a growth on the parent (or bud). The daughter cells are smaller than the parent cells.

Question 8

What is Fragmentation?

Answer 8

An organism breaks into smaller parts, which develop into new daughter organisms. The daughter organisms are smaller than the parent organisms. e.g. Starfish

Question 9

What is Parthenogenesis?

Answer 9

The embryo can develop without fertilisation through Mitosis e.g. Komodo Dragons

Question 10

What occurs in Binary Fission?

Answer 10

• replication of the circular molecule of DNA of the cell
• attachment of the two DNA molecules to the plasma membrane
• lengthening of the cell
• division of the cell into two via a constriction across the middle of the cell and the formation of a septum, so that each new cell contains one circular molecule of DNA

Question 11

What are Spores?

Answer 11

Spores are produced by Mitosis and are released into the surrounding environment e.g. fungi.

Question 12

What are the types of Vegetative Propogation?

Answer 12

• runners
• cuttings
• rhizomes
• tubers
• bulbs
• corms
• plantlets.
  e. g. Strawberry Plant

Question 13

What are Runners?

Answer 13

Stem-like growths from parent plant that run along the ground. New buds develop into roots, leaves, flowers and fruit

Question 14

What are Cuttings?

Answer 14

Some plants can be cloned by taking cuttings of shoots, roots or leaves and planting them.

Question 15

What are Rhizomes?

Answer 15

• Underground stems that grow horizontally (figure 9.9a)
• Buds and roots sprout from nodes along a rhizome and produce new daughter plants.
• Can be distinguished from plant roots by the presence of buds, nodes and often tiny, scale-like leaves
• Typically thick in structure because they have a food reserve, mainly in the form of starch

Question 16

What are Tubers?

Answer 16

Swollen underground stems from which buds sprout. A form of Fragmentation

Question 17

What are Bulbs?

Answer 17

Underground structures with short stems, a central bud and many closely packed, fleshy leaves

Question 18

What are Corms?

Answer 18

Enlarged, bulb-like underground stems, with a solid stem tissue typically surrounded by papery leaves

Question 19

What are Plantlets?

Answer 19

Tiny young plants that develop from the meristem tissue along plant margins

Question 20

What is Cloning?

Answer 20

The process of creating genetically identical copies of cells/organisms

Question 21

What is Budding?

Answer 21

Daughter organism is created from a growth on the original parent - develops through mitosis e.g. Hydra

Question 22

What is Embryo Splitting?

Answer 22

Cells of an early embryo are artificially split

Question 23

What is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

Answer 23

Nucleus of a cell is transferred into an enaculated egg cell

Question 24

What is Obligate Parthenogenesis?

Answer 24

All female population

Question 25

What is Facultative Parthenogenesis?

Answer 25

Used when required e.g. lack of males

Question 26

What is a Hermaphrodite?

Answer 26

Has both male and female reproductive organs