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Functioning Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Meristematic tissues?

A

Are made of cells that can undergo cell division and can continue to divide for the life of the plant.
* Found in the tips of roots and shoots

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2
Q

What are Permanent tissues?

A

Are made of cells that can no longer divide.
- Dermal tissue
- Ground tissue
- Parenchyma tissue
- Collenchyma tissue
- Sclerenchyma tissue
- Vascular tissue
- Xylem tissue
- Phloem tissue

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3
Q

Tissues involved in intake of water?

A

Absorption and uptake of liquid water through root hairs.
* Root hairs are extensions of cells of the epidermal tissue that forms the outer cellular covering of the root
* Water enters the root hairs from the soil solution by osmosis > water moves across the cells of the cortex to the xylem > transported as a fluid to all cells.

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4
Q

Xylem tissue:

A
  • is the transport of water and dissolved minerals taken up by root hair cells to
    the rest of the plant.
  • Consist of
    o Tracheids
    o Vessels
    o Fibres
    o Parenchyma
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5
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

Water travels up the plant and evaporates out of the leaves. - leaf stomata open

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6
Q

Stomata?

A
  • Leaves contain pores (stomata)(singular: stoma).
  • Each is surrounded by two guard cells.
  • They open and close depending on whether the guard
    cell is Turgid or Flaccid.
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7
Q

Turgid Stoma?

A

o If the guard cell has a high water content they are turgid
o The pore is open

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8
Q

Flaccid Stomata?

A

o The guard cells lose water
o The stoma close

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9
Q

Tissues in Animals?

A

Tissues are formed by groups of cells of similar type —
or even a single type — that act in a coordinated manner
to perform a common function.

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10
Q

Types of Tissues in mammals?

A
  • Epithelial tissues: sheets of cells that cover external and internal surfaces.
  • Muscle tissues: contract and enable movement.
  • Connective tissues: provide structural support.
  • Nervous tissues: are made of different kinds of nerve cells
    (neurons).
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11
Q

Organs in Animals?

A

An organ is a group of different kinds of tissue grouped
together to form a discrete structure that works
cooperatively to perform a specific function.

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12
Q

Systems in Animals?

A

A system is composed of a group of organs that
cooperate to carry out a single life-sustaining
function, such as excretion or digestion

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13
Q

Organs of the Digestive System?

A

Mouth
Salivary Glands
Oesophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Small/Large Intestines
Rectum/Anus

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14
Q

Alimentary canal (gastro-intestinal tract)?

A

Muscular tube, approximately 8m long,
* Includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and large intestine (colon and rectum).

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15
Q

Peristalsis?

A

The muscular contractions of the wall of the gut move food along the tract.

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16
Q

Mechanical digestion:

A

Breaking down food into smaller pieces. Chewing and churning

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17
Q

Chemical digestion:

A

Enzymes

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18
Q

Tissues in the Digestive System?

A

Epithelial tissue > mucosa (the innermost lining of the digestive system)
* Connective tissue > sub-mucosa (connective tissue forming the second layer of the gut lining muscularis muscle tissue of the gut)
* Muscle tissue > muscularis.
* Connective tissue > serosa (outer connective tissue which encloses the gut)

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19
Q

Epithelial Tissue: Functions

A
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
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20
Q

Connective Tissue: Functions

A

Forms the second layer of the gut wall, the sub-mucosa,
where it occurs as areolar connective tissue with blood
vessels, lymphatics and nerves; it also forms the outermost
layer, the serosa.
* Is also present in the solid organs of the digestive system.
* In the hollow organs of the alimentary canal provides
structural support to other tissues.

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21
Q

Muscle Tissue: Functions

A

Is important in the structure and function of the digestive
system
* Muscles have the ability to contract (and relax)

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22
Q

Sphincters?

A
  • Thickened rings of muscle which control the opening and closing of a tube
  • When relaxed and open, the sphincter allows food to pass and, when contract and closed, prevents the forward movement of food.
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23
Q

The Mouth

A

Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which acts on the
starch molecules and begins to break them down into shorter chains such as dextrins and disaccharides.

When a person decides to swallow the food in the mouth. A
rounded mass of food, a bolus, is forced to the back of the
mouth at the start of swallowing. Once the swallowing process has begun, it then becomes automatic.

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24
Q

The Oesophagus

A
  • The oesophagus is a soft, muscular tube, about 20 to 23
    centimetres long in an adult.
  • The oesophagus secretes mucus and transports food
    from the mouth to the stomach.
  • Peristalsis is the contraction of muscles in the walls
    which moves the food from the mouth to the stomach.
25
Q

The Stomach

A
  • Gastric juice is a mixture of mucus, enzymes,
    hydrochloric acid and water.
  • Chyme is the food, saliva and gastric juice.
  • The gastric juices contain hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen,
    which is the inactive form of the enzyme pepsin.
26
Q

The Large Intestine

A
  • The large intestine is about 1.5 metres long and consists of two
    main parts, the colon and the rectum.
  • Bacteria in the colon digest about 30–40 per cent of the fibre into
    fatty acids and also produce small amounts of some vitamins,
    particularly vitamin
  • Water moves freely, in either direction, across the membranes of the
    intestine at any point along its length.
  • The contents of the rectum are called faeces.
  • Faeces leave the gut by the anus.
27
Q

Digestion in Herbivores

A
  • Hind-gut fermenters have modified regions of the colon and caecum for bacterial digestion.
  • Foregut fermenters have an enlarged stomach or part of the oesophagus to accommodate bacterial digestion.
  • Ruminants have one stomach and many compartments.
28
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Are biological catalyst.
  • Are made of proteins.
  • Lowers the activation energy
  • Has a specific active site shape that is complimentary to the substrate.
  • Denaturing: when the enzyme’s structure is changed so that they can no longer function as enzymes.
  • Inactive: When the conditions are optimal the enzyme will begin to work.
29
Q

Endocrine System

A

Is composed of a network of endocrine glands and it functions as a chemical messenger system.
* Hormones: chemical messengers, released by endocrine
glands, that regulate the function of distant organs, each with a specific receptor for its hormone
* Protein hormones are hydrophilic and so cannot diffuse
easily across the plasma membrane > complementary
receptors are on the plasma membrane.
* Steroid hormones are hydrophobic and so can easily
diffuse across the plasma membrane > complementary
receptors are in the cytosol/nucleus.

30
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Is located at the base of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus
  • Is composed of two major lobes:
    o Anterior pituitary: anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; it is made of glandular tissue that synthesises and secretes several releasing hormones that activate other endocrine glands.
    o Posterior pituitary: posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; it is made of neural tissue that stores and releases hormones sent from the hypothalamus.
31
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Small endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys
that produce various hormones
* Corticoid hormones: are steroid hormones, including
aldosterone and cortisol, produced by cells of the cortex
of adrenal glands
* Cortisol: a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal
cortex that has many roles, including control of blood
glucose levels during stress and the body’s recovery
from the stress response
* Adrenaline: Fight or flight hormone

32
Q

Thyroid gland

A

An endocrine gland located in throat that produces and
secretes the hormones including T3 and T4

33
Q

Parathyroid glands

A
  • Are endocrine glands located on the rear surface of the
    thyroid gland.
  • The parathyroid glands are surrounded by a thin fibrous
    capsule and have networks of capillary vessels
    throughout their tissue.
34
Q

Excretion:

A

The process of removal from the body of
various types of waste material arising from its metabolic
activities.

35
Q

Urinary tract:

A

A series of hollow organs comprising ureters, bladder and urethra that transport urine to the outside of the body

36
Q

Tissues in the Excretory System

A
  • Epithelial Tissue
    o Linings of the hollow organs are formed by transitional
    epithelium
    o Linings of the tubules are composed of simple epithelial tissue > the nephron.
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
37
Q

Kidney

A
  • The basic functions performed by the nephrons are:
    o Filtration
    o Reabsorption
    o Secretion
    o Excretion.
  • It is through these processes that the kidneys:
    o Remove metabolic wastes from the blood
    o Conserve salts and water: maintained within narrow limits - osmoregulatory function.
38
Q

Hollow Organs

A
  • Ureter: transport of the urine made in the kidney to the
    bladder.
  • Urinary Bladder: is a sac-like structure that serves as a
    temporary storage for urine.
  • Urethra: is a tube that allows urine to pass outside the body
39
Q

Excretory System in Invertebrates

A
  • Ammonia (NH3) is the initial N-waste
  • Ammonia can be converted into urea (NH2CONH2) or
    uric acid (C5H4N4O3) but these conversions require an
    investment of energy
40
Q

What is Negative Feedback?

A

When the response feeds back to and counteracts the
change in the variable. This is a homeostatic mechanism.

41
Q

What is Positive Feedback?

A

When a change in a variable produces a response that
further amplifies the stimulus and increases its effect.

42
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The regulation of body temperature

43
Q

What is Piloerection?

A

Hair standing on end

44
Q

Hypothermia?

A

Condition in which an individual has an extremely low body
temperature and is at risk of death

45
Q

Acute hypothermia?

A

Occurs when a person is suddenly exposed to extreme cold

46
Q

Exhaustion hypothermia?

A

Occurs when a person is exposed to a cold
environment and cannot generate sufficient metabolic heat to maintain their core body temperature due to exhaustion or lack of food

47
Q

Hyperthermia?

A

Condition in which core body temperature exceeds the
upper end of the normal range without any change in the temperature set point

48
Q

Heat exhaustion?

A

An increase in core body temperature; symptoms include poor coordination, slower pulse and excessive sweating; may develop into heat stroke

49
Q

Heat stroke?

A

A critical and life- threatening condition where brain function is affected; symptoms include high core body temperature in excess of 40 °C, slurred speech, hallucinations and multiple organ damage

50
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Process by which the volume of body fluids and their
solutes concentrations are controlled

51
Q

Antidiuretic hormone:

A

Hormone produced by neuro-secretory cells in the hypothalamus; increases reabsorption of water into the blood from distal tubules and collecting ducts of nephrons in the kidney

52
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

*When the blood glucose level is higher than normal
 Hyperglycaemia
*Insulin production is defective

53
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

*Build up of glucose in the blood
*Insulin is present, but the cells are said to be
insulin resistant.

54
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes include:

A

*Thirst
*Frequent urination
*Fatigue
*Blurred vision
*Hunger

55
Q

Treatment of Diabetes

A

*Type 1: Insulin injections
*Type 2: Lifestyle changes

56
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

*Is a condition in which there is too little glucose in the blood.
*The most common time hypoglycaemia occurs is during diabetes treatment.
*May lead to fainting or even coma.
*Signs of hypoglycaemia include:
– Excessive hunger
– Trembling
– sweating
– nausea.

57
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

*Excessive production of thyroid hormones drives up the basal metabolic rate, affecting many functions.
*Symptoms
– An increase in the resting heart rate
– An elevated body temperature
– An increase in appetite
– Unexplained weight loss
– Sensitivity to and sweating in warm conditions
– Relative insensitivity to cold conditions.
*Management of hyperthyroidism may involve surgical removal of part of the thyroid gland or the administration of anti-thyroid medication that interferes with the ability of the thyroid gland to take up iodine from the blood.

58
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

A condition where glucose levels in the blood rise above normal
Symptoms -
- Dry Mouth
- Thirst
- Weakness
- Headache
- Blurred Vision
- Frequent Urination

Biology (8 decks)

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