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Biology > AOS 1 - How is Inheritance Explained? > Flashcards

AOS 1 - How is Inheritance Explained? Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Accuracy?

A

Relates to how close the data is to the ‘true’ value.

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2
Q

What is Precision?

A

Relates to how closely the data agrees with each other.

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3
Q

What is Repeatability?

A

Being able to repeat the experiment in the same conditions.

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4
Q

What is Reproducability?

A

Whether or not the experiment can be repeated with similar results.

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5
Q

What is the ‘True Value’?

A

The value, or range of values, that would be found if the quantity could be measured perfectly.

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6
Q

What is Validity?

A
  • When it measures what it is supposed to be measuring

- If it has only one Independent Variable.

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7
Q

What are Personal Errors?

A

Mistakes or Miscalculations

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8
Q

What are Random Errors?

A

Affect the Precision of Measurements - Unpredictable

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9
Q

What are Systematic Errors?

A

Affect the Accuracy of Measurements - Differ from true value

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10
Q

What are Significant Figures?

A

i.e. 12.034 = 5 Significant Figures whilst 12. 340 = Only. 4

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11
Q

What are Chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes carry a large number of genes and contain a molecule of DNA and proteins. They are found in the nucleus of a cell.

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12
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Contains a Nucleus.

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13
Q

What does Condense mean?

A

To become visible.

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14
Q

What do Eukaryotic cells contain?

A

DNA and Histones (Protein)

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15
Q

What is condensed DNA called?

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

A

Has no Nucleus

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17
Q

Where are Prokaryotic cells located?

A

Cytosol

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18
Q

What does DNA Stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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19
Q

What does each Nucleotide contain?

A

Sugar (Deoxyribose), Phosphate and a Base.

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20
Q

What are the 4 different Nitrogenous pairs (Bases)?

A

Adenine\
Complementary Base Pairing
Thymine/
Cytosine\
Complementary Base Pairing
Guanine/

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21
Q

How do you draw a DNA molecule?

A

O - Phosphate
\ _ _
\ / \___|| - Base
\ _ / - Deoxyribose Sugar

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22
Q

What are Alleles?

A

Variations of a Gene

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23
Q

What does an Allele do?

A

They code for specific traits.

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24
Q

What does the Female Sex Chromosome look like?

A 
X X
|      |
|      |
|      |
|      |
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25
Q

What does the Male Sex Chromosome look like?

A 
X  Y
|     |
|     |
|
|
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26
Q

What is the Genome?

A

The sum of all organisms DNA

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27
Q

How is the Genome determined?

A

Using the Haploid number of base pairs in an organism

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28
Q

How many base pairs do humans have?

A

3,234,830,000

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29
Q

What is the study of Genomes called?

A

Genomics

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30
Q

What is a Homologous Chromosome?

A

Same Chromosome

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31
Q

What does Locus stand for?

A

Location of Gene on Chromosome - Homologous chromosomes have the same gene at the same Locus

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32
Q

What are Autosomes?

A

Not Sex Chromosomes

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33
Q

How many Autosomes are in a human?

A

22 matched pairs

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34
Q

How many genes are in x and y chromosomes?

A

X = approx. 800. Y = approx. 50

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35
Q

Why is the Y chromosome important?

A

It determines Sex

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36
Q

What is the SRY gene?

A

Found on Y chromosomes and codes for protein controlling development for male characteristics.

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37
Q

What sex chromosomes do Birds and Reptiles have?

A

WZ/ZZ system

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38
Q

What pair of sex chromosomes do male birds & reptiles have?

A

ZZ

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39
Q

What pair of sex chromosomes do female birds & reptiles have?

A

WZ

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40
Q

With Birds and Reptiles, who determines the sex?

A

Female

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41
Q

With Humans, who determines the sex?

A

Male

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42
Q

What is Environmental Sex Determination?

A

When the incubation temperature of the egg determines the sex.

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43
Q

How can chromosomes be classified?

A

By the position of the Centromere

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44
Q

What does Metacentric mean?

A

Middle of Chromosome - Centromere location

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45
Q

What does Submetacentric mean?

A

Towards on end of Chromosome - Centromere location

46
Q

What does Acrocentric mean?

A

Very close to one end of Chromosome - Centromere location

47
Q

What does Telocentric mean?

A

Tip of Chromosome - Centromere location

48
Q

What does the size of the chromosome mean?

A

How many genes it contains - Bigger = More genes

49
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

Chromosomes arranged into homologous pairs by their size and centromere position

50
Q

What is an advantage of Karyotypes?

A

Abnormalities can be identified quickly.

51
Q

What does congenital mean?

A

Affect offspring.

52
Q

What do changes in chromosomes include?

A
  • Number of Chromosomes
  • Change in a part of a Chromosome
  • Change in the arrangement of Chromosomes
53
Q

What is Trisomy?

A

When there are 3 copies of a Chromosome instead of 2.

54
Q

What is an example of Trisomy?

A

Down Syndrome - Trisomy on Chromosome 21

55
Q

What is Monomy?

A

When there is only 1 Chromosome of the pair present

56
Q

What is the result of Monomy?

A

Embryonic death (Unless the sex chromosome is the one affected)

57
Q

What is a Gemete?

A

Sex Cell

58
Q

When can Errors in sex chromosomes occur?

A

During Meiosis resulting in a gamete lacking a copy of a chromosome or having an extra one.

59
Q

What is Duplication?

A

When part of a chromosome is duplicated

60
Q

What is Deletion?

A

When part of a chromosome is deleted.

61
Q

What is Translocation?

A

When the location of a chromosome segment is altered and relocated to a new region - Can occur in Down syndrome where part of chromosome 21 attaches to chromosome 14.

62
Q

What is Haploid?

A

Half the Chromosomes i.e. 23 instead of 46 (Humans)

63
Q

What is Diploid?

A

Full set of Chromosomes i.e. 46 (Humans)

64
Q

How are Haploid Gametes produced?

A

Meiosis

65
Q

What are Haploid gametes created by meiosis often called?

A

Daughter cells haploid

66
Q

What does Meiosis produce?

A

Variation through crossing over and independent assortment.

67
Q

What is Interphase?

A

Where DNA replicates (Not a part of Meiosis however must occur for process to start)

68
Q

What is Prophase I?

A
  • Chromosomes Condence
  • Nuclear Membrane breaks down
  • Crossing Over Occurs
  • Homologous Chromosomes pair.
69
Q

What is Metaphase I?

A
  • Homologous Chromosomes line up in the middle

- Spindle Fibres attach to centromeres

70
Q

What is Anaphase I?

A

Homologous Chromosomes Segregate (Pulled apart by Spindle Fibres)

71
Q

What is Telophase I?

A
  • 2 Nuclei are formed
72
Q

What is Cytokenisis?

A
  • Cytoplasm Division (Not a part of Meiosis)
73
Q

What is Prophase II?

A
  • Nuclear Membrane breaks down
74
Q

What is Metaphase II?

A
  • Chromosomes line up in the middle
75
Q

What is Anaphase II?

A
  • Sister Chromatids are pulled apart
76
Q

What is Telophase II?

A
  • 2 Nuclei per cell are formed
77
Q

What is Cytokenisis?

A
  • Cytoplasm is divided
  • 4 daughter cells that are haploid & genetically different are formed
    (Not a part of Meiosis)
78
Q

How can Repeatability be improved?

A

Make sure the method is specific.

79
Q

How can Reproducibility be improved?

A

Have a specific method and use appropriate equipment

80
Q

How can Precision be improved?

A
  • Using equipment which record data more precisely

- Measure quantitative data rather than qualitative data

81
Q

How can Accuracy be improved?

A
  • Select and use appropriate equipment

- Calibrate instruments

82
Q

How can Validity be improved?

A
  • Incorporate suitable equipment
  • All controlled variables are kept constant
  • Appropriate measuring procedures are included in the method
  • Only having 1 I.V.
83
Q

How can Personal Errors be eliminated?

A

Personal errors can be eliminated by performing the experiment again correctly the next time, and do not form part of error analysis.

84
Q

How can Systematic Errors be eliminated?

A
  • Calibrating equipment before use.

- Using appropriate equipment.

85
Q

How can Random Errors be eliminated?

A

The effect of random errors can be reduced by making more or repeated measurements and calculating a new mean and/or by refining the measurement method or technique.

86
Q

What are Outliers?

A

Outliers are readings that lie a long way from other results.

87
Q

What do you do about Outliers?

A

Outliers must be further analysed and accounted for, rather than being automatically dismissed

88
Q

What is Uncertainty?

A

The uncertainty of the result of a measurement reflects the lack of exact knowledge of the value of the quantity being measured.

89
Q

What are Limitations?

A

Stops the experiment from getting the correct results.

90
Q

What is a Cross?

A

The breading of 2 parents to get the genotype of the offspring.

91
Q

What is True Breeding?

A

Homozygous!!!

92
Q

What is Hybrid?

A

Offspring of parents that differ in genetically determined traits - Heterozygous

93
Q

Autosomal Dominance?

A

Where both males and females can be affected, have at least one affected parent and heterozygous express the trait

94
Q

Autosomal Co-dominance?

A

Where 2 dominant alleles from an autosomal trait both contribute to the phenotype

95
Q

Sex Linked?

A

Where a gene is located on a sex chromosome

96
Q

X-Linked Recessive

A
  • More Males affected
97
Q

X-Linked Dominant

A
  • More Females
98
Q

Y-Linked

A
  • Only Males affected

- Affected father always passes it on to sons

99
Q

What is a Test Cross?

A

A method used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype - Must cross with a homozygous recessive.

100
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid - Contains the genetic instructions

101
Q

What is Hereditary?

A

Genetically transmittable from parent to offspring

102
Q

What are Genes?

A

A specific sequence of nitrogenous bases that code for a specific trait

103
Q

What is a Nucleotide?

A

The basic building blocks creating a complex molecule

104
Q

What is Complementary Base Pairing?

A

Adenine –> Thymine

Cytosine –> Guanine

105
Q

Why is DNA antiparallel?

A

So that the Nitrogenous bases can have complementary base pairings.

106
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A

A thread-like structure that contains DNA and Proteins

107
Q

What is the Centromere?

A

The location on a chromosome where the spindle fibres attach.

108
Q

What are Histones?

A

Small proteins

109
Q

What does Ploidy mean?

A

Number of complete sets of chromosomes i.e. Humans = 23

110
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

A view of all organism’s chromosomes

111
Q

What are 2 things a Karyotype allows scientists to identify?

A
  1. Gender

2. Any abnormalities

Biology (8 decks)

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