Reproduction Flashcards
Stallion is a male horse
> ? years?
entire or neutered?
> 4 years entire
when does puberty occur for stallion?
12-24 months
when do testis descend in the stallion?
begins in gestation, at or around birth finishes
how long does spermatogenesis take in a stallion?
60 days
what is DSO?
Daily sperm output
biggest limiting factor on stallion fertility?
libido
semen production
semen quality
does testicular size affect fertility
bigger testicles, more sperm
Tests for which 2 notifiable diseases are carried out on stallions?
CEM= contagious equine metritis
EVA= equine viral arteritis
Which notifiable disease tested for in stallions is
caused by: taylorella equigenitalis
site swabbed is: urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath and pre-ejactulate fluid if available
Contagious equine metritis (CEM)
Which notifiable disease tested for in stallions:
causes abortions in mares, stallions are carriers
site tested is: blood test before first use to prove seronegative
what vaccine is available for this?
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
vaccine= artervac, boosters X2 year
Which stallion genital injury is this:
penis out of sheath hanging down
tx: firmly replaced penis in sheath, +/- purse string suture across preputial orifice under GA
paraphimosis
if prolonged can cause pudendal nerve injury
Which stallion genital injury is this:
erected penis all the time,
surgically corrected by flushing corpus cavernosum with heparinised saline under GA
tx?
priapism
beta 2 agonist
stallion specific causes of colic?
scrotal hernais (+ inguinal hernia ) testicular torsion
which of the following types of semen matches the description?
fresh/ chilled/ frozen
give 48 hours before ovulation
through cervix via insemination catheter
fresh or chilled
which of the following types of semen matches the description?
fresh/ chilled/ frozen
give 12 hours before or 6 hours after ovulation
insemination gun through cervix, or into uterine horn on side of ovulation
frozen
normal GI colic
colonic infarctions/ necrosis
uterine torsion
foal moving
are all possible causes of colic affected which type of horse
pre-parturient pregnant mare
4 causes of overally large mare
1) feeding as if pregnant mare but not, just fat
2) ventral oedema due to foetus squashing lymphatics
3) ruptured pre-pubic tendon due to weight of foetus
4) hydrops allantois (excess fluid in allantoic sac)
Overally large mare
large plaque of ventral oedema, near full term pregnancy
mare is well
non painful
this condition is not usually treated
which cause of overally large mare?
Ventral oedema
Large mare
bloody discharge in milk
colic signs
mare is recumbent
treated with bute, foaling assiistance often needed as abdominal muscles reduced function
often euthanasia
which cause of overally large mare?
pre pubic tendon rupture due to weight of foetus
large mare
colic signs
dyspnoea
recumbent
+/- deformed foal
tx: induce foaling (+ remove foal) or abortion so can dilate cervix and drain fluid
+ IV fluids to maintain BP
which cause of overally large mare?
hydrops allantois (sudden)
hydrops hydramnios (more fluid than usual)
uterine rupture and tears
cervical tears
perineal tears
occur in which stage of pregnancy
intrapartum
uterine cramps normal GI colic uterine haemorrhage colonic torsion uterine horn inversion colonic infarctions/ necroris
causes of colic in which horse?
post partum mare
mare
premature udder development + lactation
some vaginal discharge
US: placental thickening
cause?
tx?
affects which horses?
pre parturient mares
placentitis
tx: potentiated sulphonamides + bute
pregnant mare
vaginal bleeding small amounts
cause?
varicose veins
usually non tx
which drug can you use to stimulate foal breathing after parturition?
doxapram
if a complete uterine rupture or tear occurs in a pregnant mare, what happens?
foal may fall into abdomen
mare fatally haemorrhage
peritonitis and fatal endotoxaemia > extract foal and euthanise mare
if a mare has a third degree perineal laceration, what should you do?
(vagina/ vulva and rectum comminicate)
do not suture up»_space; will break down and trap infection
delay surgery 4-6 weeks until granulated tissue present
if cervical laceration needs repair, when should you do it?
delay repair until after uterine involution
mare post partum
mild to moderate colics with no signs of endotoxaemia
ddx?
tx?
uterine cramps
resolves with buscopan or phenylbutazone
post partum mare
colic returning despite analagesia
may lead to uterine prolapse if not tx
ddx?
tx
inversion of uterine horn
buscopan/ clenbuterol to relax spasms
manual replacement + uterine lavage
post partum mare (old)
mild- mod colic signs» then shock
ddx?
tx?
uterine artery rupture
sedate + analgesia
IV fluids and blood transfusion
clotting agents
prognosis for a uterus or rectal prolapse?
poor, usually bad damage to blood supply
clean uterus and replace under epidural
give oxytocin once replaced
broad spectrum ABs and NSAIDs
retained placenta over ? hours is abnormal?
which br susceptible
4 hours
heavy horses
tx for retained foetal membranes?
oxytocin + flunixin
cannot leave»_space; metritis> endotoxaemia» severe lamnitis and death
is manual traction on rfm advised?
sometimes
gentle traction on allantois (red bag)
mare, muscle fasiculations, recumbency, diaphragmatic flutter
rare in horses, but what is it?
hypocalcaemia
what is pneumovagina and how is it treated?
air in vagina
corrected by caslicks
what is the caslick procedure?
improve vulvar competence - suture over vagina
remove sutures 10-14 days later
what is gadds procedure used for?
used to reconstruct vagina after second degree perianal lacerations or in older mares with loss of perineal body/ straight vestibule
what is urovagina and how tx?
what is it important to rule out in young fillies
urine pooling in vagina
urehtral extension
caudal relocation of transverse fold
ectopic ureter
how would you diagnose cervical lacerations and how treat?
thumb in cervix and palpate all way round with fingers
wait for dioestrus >3 wks post partum
stay sutures with 3 layer closure
delayed uterine clearance
due to post mating persistent endometritis
how tx?
uterine suspension to restore normal horizontal orientation of uterine horns
ovulation but no embyro or oocyte in uterus?
ddx?
tx?
oviduct blockage
prostaglandin to relax smooth muscle of oviduct and modulate oviductal transport
which degree perineal laceration is this?
mucosal damage
caslick/ no surgery required
first degree
which degree perineal laceration is this?
mucosa, submucosa and perineal muscles lacerated
caslicks procedure and reconstruction of perineal body
2nd degree
which degree perineal laceration is this?
complete disruption of rectobulbular shelf, perineal body and anuma
requires surgical repair but delayed for 4-6 weeks as will be too inflamed and will break down
3rd degree
often caused by foals foot
penetration of foals foot into rectum without 3rd degree perineal laceration
or
unsuccessful repair of 3rd degree lacerations
can lead to what?
rectovestibular fistula
an-oestrus/ continual oestrus behaviour in mare
stallion like behaviour
enlarged ovary on rectal exam
increased testosterone, inhibin and Anti mullerian hormone
ddx?
tx?
Granulosa cell tumour (GCT)
most common neoplastic disorder of the ovaries
ovariectomy via laparoscopy under GA
or
Colpotomy= blind extraction
what is a red bag delivery?
placenta prematurely detached from uterus during birth and foetus is no longer supported
mare straining to deliver,
when should foal be out by
max 30 mins
gestation for a horse
11-12 months
what is ‘rigs’ in horses
should be suspected in stallion like behaviour without palpable testis
cryptochidism
tx removal testicle
most common penile neoplasia?
SCC
common neoplasias of penile shaft?
melanomas and sarcoids
vinsots, williams and scotts are surgical methods of what?
phallectomy - penile amputation
external infetion, cystitis and epididymitis and seminal vesiculitis can all cause what?
pyospermia
