Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Equine Year 4 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

ddx of recurrent colic

A 
colon displacement 
impaction 
adhesions
gastric ulceration 
chronic grass sickness
IBD
INtra-abdominal abscess
Cholelithiasis
ileal hypertrophy 
uterine torsion 
neoplasia
tapeworm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ddx weight loss in horses

A
  • Dental disorders
  • Parasitism
  • Inadequate diet
  • PPID
  • Liver disease
  • Malabsorption and protein losing enteropathy
  • Chronic diarrhoea
  • Abdominal abscess
  • Renal disease
  • Cardiac disease
  • Chronic thoracic disease
  • Non GI neoplasia
  • Equine grass sickness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

definition of chronic colic

A

colic signs are visible for over 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

definition of recurrent colic

A

shorter period of colic pain which recur at variable intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what would the following blood results suggest about GI disease

  • hypoalbuminaemia
  • hypoglobulinaemia
  • hypergloninaemia
  • hyperfibrinogenaemia
  • serum amyloid A
  • total protein
A

Total protein- decrease could be masked by concurrent dehydration
Hypoalbuminaemia- GI loss, effusions, liver disease (rarely a cause)
Hypoglobulinaemia- GI loss
Hyperglobulinaemia- chornic inflammarory diease
Hyperfibrinogenaemia- infection, inflammation, neoplasia
Serum amyloid A- acute phase protein, acute marker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oral Glucose Absorption Test

  • how is it conducted
  • what does it show
A

1) fast overnight 2)1mg/kg in 20% solution via nasogastric tube 3)take glucose concentration in blood after 2 hours

>85% = normal 
15-85%  = partial, SI, LI disease or normal intestine 
<15%= complete, SI disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what pathology does inflammatory infiltrative bowel disease cause?
is the aetiology known?
treatments?

A

granulomatous enteritis, lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis, eosinophilic enterisi
»>presence of inflammatory cells in intestinal wall&raquo_space;> malabsopriton and protein loss

unknown aet

non specific :give steroids in am as work better: prednisolone, dexamethasone, anthelmintcs
- variable effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the clinical signs of equine lymphoma and how would you treat

A

fever
weight loss
peritonitis
pleural effusion
abdominal distension
intra-abdominal mass palpable per rectum
hypercalceamia/haemolyiss/ cachexia of malignancy

Tx: steroids- treats asscociated inflammafion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome divided?

clinical signs?

A

EGUS a) unknown risk factors b) related to acid injury (squamous portion of stomach damaged)

Subtle: weight-loss, poor performance, selective appetite, slow eating, roughage preference to grain, bad behaviour, girthy? Overt colic signs unlikely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome

  • diagnosis
  • treatment
A

Diagnsis: gastroscopy 3m endoscope

Grading squamous ulceration.
1- inflammation, 2- ulcer present 3- crater, grade 4- haemorrhagic

Tx: omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor) 2mg/kg for 3-4 weeks, reduce exposure to risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Clinical signs of hepatobiliary disease in horses

A

o Jaundice – retention of bilirubin
o Weight loss
o Depression/ CNS signs
o Photosensitation – phylloerythrin accumulation
o Haemorrhae
o Colic
o Oedema- rarely due to hypoalbuminaemia
o Diarrhoea
o Dyspnoea- usually ragwort or laryngeal paralysis
o Anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ddx hepatobiliary disease in horses

A

Ragwort poisoning

Cholangioheptatitis

Hepatitis: acute and chronic

Hyperlipidaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what blood tests can be done to assess hepatobiliary function in horses

A

Liver enzymes
GGT- liver and pancreas specific, also hepatocellular dx, sustained levels over month
AST- not organ specific, also from muscle
SDH- hepatocellular, acute enzyme
ALK
GLDH

Bilirubin and bile acids
Hyperbilirubinaemia is difficult to interpret. Increase conjugated portion. likely hepatocellular or cholestasis
Bile acids: good liver function test. Secreted continuously so no need to fast. Correlates with severity

Other
Ammonia: failure of gut detoxoification
Clotting times
Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what test gives the best prognosis of liver disease in horses?

A

liver biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which plant is Senecio jacobaea and how does it affect horses?

A

Ragwort: Worse if dried in hay.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity

Clinical signs
phase 1: weight loss, inappetence et,
phase 2: neurological/ behaviours change(aggression) + anorexia dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how could you diagnose and treat ragwort poisoning in horses?

A

From history and clinical signs. GGT levels indicative.
- Alkaloid measurement should be available soon to test.

Tx: supportive reduce hepatic encephalopathy: neomycin, metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cholangiohepatitis and cholelithiasis

cause, clinical signs, dx and tx

A

ascending bile duct infection form GIT–> bile duct inflammation

fever, jaundice and colic

ultrasound: can see calculi, elevated GTT, biopsy and histo useful for culture.

antibiotics, good prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

give causes and clinical signs of

  • chronic active hepatitis
  • acute hepatitis
A

chronic: Aet: any progressive inflammatory hepatitis, low grade, low level inappetence etc
Diag: biopsy: may indicated plasmicytic-lymphocytic immune mediated condition
Tx: corticosteroids +/- other immunosppressibve medications eg azathioprine

active: theilers diease (viral infection), parvovirus, hepacivirus, alfatoxins, liver fluke
CS: mild to severe CNS, jaundice and discoloured urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are risk factors for hyperlipidaemia?

A 
Ponies
Obese
Female
Lactation
Starvation
Age
Underlying disease
Transport stress
Lactation 
Insulin sensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does hyperlipidaemia occur and how can it be diagnosed/treated

A

negative energy balance> fatty deposits mobilised> fatty acids/ triglycerides accumulates in liver

dx: cloudy serum: Hyperlipidaemia= TG’s<5 but>1.5

  • IMPORTANT TO DIFFERENTIATE
    hyperlipaemia= TG>5mmol/l

Tx: positive energy balance, correct dehydration, normalise lipid metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give risk factors for the following types of colics

Pedunculated lipoma

Large colon volvulus

Large colon impaction

Epiploic foramen entrapment

A

P. lipoma: Older horses and ponies , Ponies» horses, Geldings» mares , SI most common site

LC volvulus: Mares post foaling, Larger horses, Increased stabling, Dental disease, Feed changes

LC impaction: Autumn winter cold weather, Box rest, Straw bedding- eat it Good prognosis

EFE: Seasonal Dev, Jan, feb, Crib biting/ wind sucking behaviour

22
Q

Equine Grass Sickness (equine dysautonomia)

A

Aet: Clostridium botulinum type C

Path: polyneuropathy, neurologically degeneration

Clin signs:
o Acute: colic, reflux, tachycardia, SI distension, sweating, salivation, dysphagia, ptosis
o Chronic: weight loss, dysphagia, tachycardia, patchy sweating, muscle fasiculation, rhinitis sicca, elephant on a barrel stance

Diagnosis: clinical signs and histology: ileal biopsy, PME

Treatment: possible vaccine :

Epidemiology:
Spring, April/may. Previous infections increases risk of reinfection. Young horses 2-7 yrs. Also peak in autumn. Horses at pasture.

23
Q

Indications for medical treatment of colic

A 
Mild-moderate pain	
Good response to analgesia 
HR<50bpm
GI motility continuing/ improving
No net reflux
Resolving/ no abdominal distension
Normal peritoneal fluid
Normal PCV/ TP and systemic lactate
24
Q

When should you never use flunixin meglumine in colic cases?

A

in acute/ mod cases where cause is unknown-

could mask more serious issue as v strong pain killer.

can also mask increase in HR associated with SIRS

25
Q

List 3 NSAIDs you may use to treat medical colic

A

Metimazole= the NSAID component of buscopan

Phenylbutazone= equipalazone,
- Moderate potency, good first line analgesic

Hetoprofen:
- moderate to strong potency

flunixin- if cause known and just relieving pain whilst other action is being planned.

26
Q

when may alpha 2 agonists be useful in managing medical colic
name 3 used

A

Xylazine: Quick onset and short acting up to 30 mins, very potent. Good for use in examination.

Romifidine
- Around 2-4 hours analgesia, usually combined with butorphanol
- IM ,useful in colic cases showing moderate- severe pain, can use in combination with
phenylbutazone

Detomidine
- 2-4 hours. Combined with butorphanol

27
Q

which opiate can be used to treat medical colic, and is often used with on its own or with alpa 2 agonist

A

Butorphanol

28
Q

Which drug may be indicated for mild- moderate spasmodic colic

A

Buscopan

a) Butylscopolamine: smooth muscle relaxant
b) metamizole: NSAID for additional analgesic.

It is used to treat spasmodic colic in horses and can reduce the risk of a rectal tear.

29
Q

Treatment for pelvic flexure impaction

(Ingesta collects at narrowing at pelvic flexure+ reabsorption of water in colon pain of contracting colon and ingesta wont move)

A

Oral fluid therapy until faeces passed, +/- Epsom salts.

  • No evidence of liquid paraffin is of use.
  • IV fluid not as useful

Surgery

30
Q

Treatment for Nephrosplenic entrapment

Left Colon Lodged between spleen and left kidney. Warmblood/ large horse

A

Medical: CV parameters are normal, not severe pain, marked gaseous distention of large colon is absent

  • Analgesia PBZ/ alpha 2 agonist
  • Phenylephrine: administered of 15 mins (to reduce size of spleen), horse lunged for 10 mins see if LC has repositioned. RISK OF HAEMORRHAGE IN TEENAGE+ HORSES

Diagnosis: ultrasound – gas filled intestine seen where should see spleen and kidney

31
Q

Treatment for large colon distention/ other displacements

A

Medical therapy indicated initially+ light exercise can be helpful
Surgery if severe and worsen pain, deteriorating CV parameters

32
Q

Treatment for sand colic

Ingesting sand from soil/ sandstone areas
Path: irritates colon and can twist and cause a torsion. Can thicken mucosa. Sand impaction.
Cs: mild to moderate abdominal pain, weight loss, sand in faeces

A

Diag: can see sand on radiograph

Mild case: remove source of sand, provide forage, psyliium into feed
Medical Tx: magnesium sulphate and psyllium,

Surgical: removal of sand at enterotomy if causing impaction/ colon torsion

33
Q

Meconium retention in neonatal foals

A

Soapy water/ commercial phosphate or acetylcysteine retention enema- foley catheter
Sedate foal and keep HQ elevated for 30 mins

34
Q

what should the owner do after the vet has medically treated a colic?

A

Remove feed and leave water with the horse

Ask owner for update within 2hours, sooner if deteriorates

If horse responds to treatment: offer small amounts of food until back to normal over 24 hour

35
Q

Colic- euthanasia indications

A

Uncontrollable pain despite analgesia

Severe CV compromise
o HR> 90bpm
o PCV>60%
o Purple mucous membranes

Gastrointestinal rupture
o Brown/ red ingesta contaminated peritoneal fluid
o Profuse sweating, sudden reduction in pain

Note: insurance company may not cover cost of horse if euthanasia chosen instead of surgery

36
Q

Indicators for surgical management of colic

A 
o	Severe, unrelenting pain 
o	Recurrence of pain despite moderate – potent analgesia 
o	HR >60bpm 
o	Net reflux >2L 
o	Deteriorating CV parameters 
o	Reduced intestinal motility 
o	Increased abdominal distension 
o	Deteriorating peritoneal fluid values
37
Q

common surgical colics

A

Pedunculated lipoma
Epiploic foramen entrapment
Large colon displacements
Large colon torsion

38
Q

Most colic surgery is done via midline laparotomy in dorsal recumbency
- which structures cannot be exteriorised in this position?

A

Stomach
Duodenum
Base caecum / terminal part of ileum
Parts of right ventral and dorsal colons
Transverse colon
Very proximal and distal parts of small colon
Rectum

39
Q

Post colic surgery care

A

Place into a stable

Place a belly bandage

Colic checks (usually q.4h)
o Observation: attitude/ signs of pain, defacation/ urination
o Clin exam: TPR, GIT sounds, digital pulses, PCV/TP, incision checked, catheters site checked
o Pain scoring

Confirm medication
 Antimicrobials: depends on procedure, penicillin/ gentamicin 72 hours
 Analgesia: flunicin meglumine most commonly used: NOTE IF PAIN CONTINUING OR INCREASING RELAPAROTOMY SHOULD BE CONCSIDERED
 Other medications e.g. lidocaine infusion / other prokinetics

Oral or IV fluids
 Crystalloids +/- colloids, plasma for CV support

Nasogastric intubation

Walks to grass (if can eat)

Nutrition: initial

40
Q

Name some colic surgery complications

A

Gastric rupture: gastric lavage/ decompression may be required
Post Operative Reflux (POR): Risk factors: increased HR/ PCV, SI lesions, intestinal ischaemia, intestinal resection
Post operative colic (POC) – most episodes respond to medical therapy. Aet unknown. More common in RDD,LDD, EFE colic types.
Surgical site infection
Reperfusion injury
Anastomoses

41
Q

Choke in horses

A

Oesophageal obstruction: compacted food in oesophagus
- Sugar beet nuts can swell once ingested and enter mouth, cause blockage

CS: coughing, ptyalism, dysphagia, repeated flexion and extension of neck. Distressing. Food evidence at mouth and nostrils
Tx:
most episodes will clear spontaneous. Take food and water away. If no improvement within 30 mins, needs further invegstigation.

If does resolve, give water but withhold food for 1-2 hours and start with sloppy feeds/ grass. Important to resolve any underlying dental issues.

Sedate: alpha 2 agonist +/- butorophanol, +/- butylscopalmine- helps keep horse calm and lower the head. Helps reduce amount inspirated . +/- oxyctocin.

Pass a nasogastric tube – lavage with warm water, repeat lavage until obstructed material all removed and stomach tube cn be passed into the stomach

Aftercare: antibiotics for inhalation pneumonia? Reintroduce feed over 24- 28 hours . monitor for nasal discharge/ coughing/ dullness

Endoscopic evaluation should be performed if 2 or more episodes of choke occur or if obstruction can not be cleared +/- oesophageal surgery. Should be avoided if poss.

42
Q

Carbohydrate overload

A

ingestion of large amount of grain/ concentrate feed
intestinal bacteria fermentation and absorption of endotoxins>colic and severe abdominal distension>

SIRS, laminitis, diarrhoea +/- death

tx: early: lavage contents, activated charcoal, flunixin, cryotherapy to prevent laminitis

once SIRS: referral, poor PGx

43
Q

List some causes of dysphagia in horses

A

Pain: abscess, strangles, dental issue, foreign body, masseter myositis, atipical myopathy
Neurogenic: head trauma, guttual pouch disease, pharyngeal paralysisi, lead posioning, botulism,
Obstructive: FB or neoplasia

44
Q

how would you diagnose neurological dysphagia in horse

A

determine phase, neurological assessment- cranial nerves, +/- intra-oral examination

  • Oral phase
  • Pharyngeal phase
  • Oesophageal phase

Imaging, haematology,

45
Q

what causes rectal prolapse and how might they be treated?

A

Aet: diarrhoea, colic, parasite (heavy burden) proctitis/ mass in the rectum, repeated straining eg retained fetal membranes

Uncommon
Graded I, II, III= reduced prolapsed tissue, address underlying cause
Grade IV= surgical management

46
Q

Ddx of haemoabdomen

A

secondary to abdominal trauma,
splenic rupture/ tear,
uterine tear,
following partiurition- rupture of middle uterine artery

47
Q

Causes/ types of hernias in horses?

A

Body wall hernias: can result in colic if intestine entrapped
Incisional hernias: uncommon, following colic surgery (laparotomy). Prolonged box rest, hernia belt. Surgical repair 4-6 months after surgery – prosthetic mesh placement
Thoracic wall injury

48
Q

Which parasites most likely to affect foals

A

Parascaris equorum/ univalens

  • Most common cause of parasitic colic in foals. Larvae also cause respiratory disease
  • Develop immunity

Strongyles
- Autumn winter moxidectin treatment

Tapeworm: A. perfoliata

49
Q

Which parasites most likely to affect young stock (1-3,5 years)

A

Most at risk of larval cyathosominosis
V important to keep pasture clear in this age group.

  • Risk in autumn winter
  • Autumn: Moxidectin and praziquantel given to treat cyathostomes

Tapeworm: A. perfoliata

50
Q

Which parasites most likely to affect adult horses

A

Lowest risk of disease due to equine parasites as developed immunity.

Test and treat only is ideal.

Tapeworm: A. perfoliata

51
Q

list anthelmintics used in horses

A

Fenbendazole
Pyrantel
Ivermectin
Moxidectin

Equine Year 4 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions