Cardiology

Question 1

What are 2 physiological murmurs?

Answer 1

flow murmur

filling murmur

Question 2

what are 4 pathological murmurs

Answer 2

mitral/ tricuspid regurgitation
ventricular septal defect
aortic insufficiency
PDA murmur

Question 3

which type of murmur is this?

early-mid systole
always finishes before S2
crescendo-decrescendo
rarely louder than grade 2

Answer 3

flow murmur

Question 4

which type of murmur is this?

early diastole
around or just before S3
squeak, whoop, click
young fit animals

Answer 4

filling murmur

Question 5

which type of murmur is this?

holo/pansystolic
plateau or crescendo
PMI heart apex
may radiate dorsally and cranially

Answer 5

mitral/ tricuspid regurgitation

Question 6

which type of murmur is this?

loudest on right, radiates cranially and ventrally
pansystolic
normally young horses

Answer 6

ventricular septal defect

Question 7

which type of murmur is this?

decrescendo, buzzing, cooing
holodiastolic
PMI left heart base
older horses

Answer 7

aortic insufficiency

‘teenage murmur’

Question 8

which type of murmur is this?
continuous
neonates- 5 days old can be normal
PMI left heart base also loud right heart base
waxes and wanes in intensity during cardiac cycle

Answer 8

PDA murmur

Question 9

what grade murmur is this

barely audible

Answer 9

grade 1

Question 10

what grade murmur is this

definitive murmur, quieter than S1 and S2

Answer 10

grade 2

Question 11

what grade murmur is this

obvious murmur as loud as S1 and S2

Answer 11

grade 3

Question 12

what grade murmur is this

very loud murmur louder than S1 and S2

Answer 12

Grade 4

Question 13

what grade murmur is this

Very loud murmur + palpable thrill

Answer 13

grade 5

Question 14

what grade murmur is this

audible with stethoscope lifted off chest wall

Answer 14

grade 6

Question 15

what are the 4 mechanisms of oedema

Answer 15

1) increased hydrostatic pressure
2) decreased capillary oncotic pressure
3) lymphatic obstruction
4) increased capillary permeability- Equine Viral Arteritis

Question 16

is EVA notifiable

Answer 16

yes equine viral arteritis is notifiable

Question 17

infection route via wound

localised in hindlimb, painful over lymphatics, swollen and serum ooze, crusting.

Answer 17

lymphangitis/ cellulitis

Question 18

which bradyarrhythmia is this

P-R interval long
common incidental finding

Answer 18

1st degree AV block

Question 19

which bradyarrhythmia is this

P without QRS following it > av node stops conduction to ventricles every 3-4 beats, making a pause
regular R to R intervals

normal morphology

Answer 19

2nd degree AV block

Question 20

which cardiac abnormality is this

ECG

different shaped P wave
ACPs present

Answer 20

Atrial ectopic pacemaker

Question 21

which cardiac abnormality is this

ECG

wide and bizzare
different shape QRS/T
VPCs

Answer 21

Ventricular ectopic pacemaker

takes longer for AP to get thorugh to ventricles

Question 22

which cardiac abnormality is this

ECG

periodic waxing and waning of R-R interval
pauses of 2 R-R intervals with no P or QRST

Answer 22

sinus block

Question 23

which cardiac abnormality is this

ECG

irregular r-r intervals
absent P waves
QRS normal
F waves (fibrillation)

Answer 23

Atrial fibrillation

oft poor performance reported in horse

Question 24

2 methods of cardioversion

Answer 24

quinidine sulphate oral > increases refractory period for atrial cells

AF transvenous electrical cardioversion

Question 25

which cardiac abnormality is this

ECG

Diff shape P wave asc with early QRS complex

R on T complexes

Answer 25

Atrial premature contractions (APCs)

can lead to atrial fibrillation