Cardiology Flashcards
What are 2 physiological murmurs?
flow murmur
filling murmur
what are 4 pathological murmurs
mitral/ tricuspid regurgitation
ventricular septal defect
aortic insufficiency
PDA murmur
which type of murmur is this?
early-mid systole
always finishes before S2
crescendo-decrescendo
rarely louder than grade 2
flow murmur
which type of murmur is this?
early diastole
around or just before S3
squeak, whoop, click
young fit animals
filling murmur
which type of murmur is this?
holo/pansystolic
plateau or crescendo
PMI heart apex
may radiate dorsally and cranially
mitral/ tricuspid regurgitation
which type of murmur is this?
loudest on right, radiates cranially and ventrally
pansystolic
normally young horses
ventricular septal defect
which type of murmur is this?
decrescendo, buzzing, cooing
holodiastolic
PMI left heart base
older horses
aortic insufficiency
‘teenage murmur’
which type of murmur is this?
continuous
neonates- 5 days old can be normal
PMI left heart base also loud right heart base
waxes and wanes in intensity during cardiac cycle
PDA murmur
what grade murmur is this
barely audible
grade 1
what grade murmur is this
definitive murmur, quieter than S1 and S2
grade 2
what grade murmur is this
obvious murmur as loud as S1 and S2
grade 3
what grade murmur is this
very loud murmur louder than S1 and S2
Grade 4
what grade murmur is this
Very loud murmur + palpable thrill
grade 5
what grade murmur is this
audible with stethoscope lifted off chest wall
grade 6
what are the 4 mechanisms of oedema
1) increased hydrostatic pressure
2) decreased capillary oncotic pressure
3) lymphatic obstruction
4) increased capillary permeability- Equine Viral Arteritis
is EVA notifiable
yes equine viral arteritis is notifiable
infection route via wound
localised in hindlimb, painful over lymphatics, swollen and serum ooze, crusting.
lymphangitis/ cellulitis
which bradyarrhythmia is this
P-R interval long
common incidental finding
1st degree AV block
which bradyarrhythmia is this
P without QRS following it > av node stops conduction to ventricles every 3-4 beats, making a pause
regular R to R intervals
normal morphology
2nd degree AV block
which cardiac abnormality is this
ECG
different shaped P wave
ACPs present
Atrial ectopic pacemaker
which cardiac abnormality is this
ECG
wide and bizzare
different shape QRS/T
VPCs
Ventricular ectopic pacemaker
takes longer for AP to get thorugh to ventricles
which cardiac abnormality is this
ECG
periodic waxing and waning of R-R interval
pauses of 2 R-R intervals with no P or QRST
sinus block
which cardiac abnormality is this
ECG
irregular r-r intervals
absent P waves
QRS normal
F waves (fibrillation)
Atrial fibrillation
oft poor performance reported in horse
2 methods of cardioversion
quinidine sulphate oral > increases refractory period for atrial cells
AF transvenous electrical cardioversion
which cardiac abnormality is this
ECG
Diff shape P wave asc with early QRS complex
R on T complexes
Atrial premature contractions (APCs)
can lead to atrial fibrillation
