Reproduction

Question 1

What is Testosterone?
Where is it produced?
What is its function?

Answer 1

It is a main male sex hormone.
It is produced in the testes
It stimulates sperm production

Question 2

What happens in stage 1 of the menstrual cycle which is from Day 1 to 7

Answer 2

The blood and the uterus lining passes out of the body through the vagina

Question 3

What happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle from day 6 to 10

Answer 3

The lining of the uterus builds up again (thickens) in preparation for a fertilised egg

Question 4

What happens in stage 3 of the menstrual cycle from day 14 till 28

Answer 4

Ovulation occurs and the lining is maintained. If the egg is fertilised by a sperm and it will embed itself in the uterus or if there is one then the cycle starts over again

Question 5

What is ovulation

Answer 5

When a mature egg is released from a follicle from one of the ovaries into the oviduct

Question 6

Where is FSH produced?

What is its function?

Answer 6

FSH is produced in the pituitary gland.

It stimulates an egg to mature in the ovary and it stimulate oestrogen

Question 7

Where is Oestrogen produced?

What is its function?

Answer 7

Oestrogen is produced in the ovaries.

It makes the lining of the uterus and it inhibits FSH so that it only produces one egg but stimulates LH

Question 8

Where is LH produced?

What is its function?

Answer 8

LH is produced in the pituitary glands

It causes ovulation which is when an egg is released into the oviduct. It stimulates progesterone

Question 9

Where is Progesterone produced?

What is its function?

Answer 9

Progesterone is produced in the ovaries

It maintains the lining of the uterus and inhibits FSH and LH

Question 10

How does a combined pill work?
What are its advantages and disadvantage?
How effective is it?
Is it hormonal or non hormonal?

Answer 10

-The pill is taken for 21 days and then not taken for the other 7 days.
-It contains Oestrogen and Progesterone which stops FSH and LH
Its advantages are:
-very effective
-reduces risk of cancer of ovaries, uterus and colon
Its disadvantages are :
-Easy to forget
Doesn’t protect against STI’s
It is more than 99 percent effective
It is hormonal

Question 11

How does a only pill/progesterone pill work?
What are its advantages and disadvantage?
How effective is it?
Is it hormonal or non hormonal?

Answer 11

-The pill is taken same time everyday
-Has progesterone which stops FSH producing egg and stops LH releasing egg
Advantages:
-Taken same time everyday so easy to remember
- Reduces symptoms of a painful period
Disadvantages:
-No protection against STIs
-No regular periods
-Medication is like antibiotics as it’s less effective

• It’s more than 99 percent effective
• It is hormonal

Question 12

How does a condom and diaphragm work?
What are its advantages and disadvantage?
How effective is it?
Is it hormonal or non hormonal?

Answer 12

-The condom is worn over the penis
-The diaphragm covers the cervix to stop the sperm from meeting the egg as it creates a barrier.
-The female condom is worn inside the vagina
Advantages:
-Protection against STIs
- No medical side effects
-Very effective when used correctly
Disadvantages:
-Not effective if the condom splits
-You could have allergies to latex

-It is 98 percent effective
It is non-hormonal

Question 13

How does a injection/implant/patch work?
What are its advantages and disadvantage?
How effective is it?
Is it hormonal or non hormonal?

Answer 13

-The injection is injected at the back or in the bottom every 13 years
-The implant is injected in the arm every 3 years
-The patch is replaced weekly
-All of them contain progesterone
Advantages:
-Don’t have to remember to take contraceptive
-Reduces risk of ovaries, womb and colon cancer
Disadvantages:
-Site of implant lead to an infection
-Don’t protect against STI’s

-It’s 99 percent effective
It is hormonal

Question 14

How does an Intrauterine device (IUD) work?
What are its advantages and disadvantage?
How effective is it?
Is it hormonal or non hormonal?

Answer 14

T-shape coil made of copper inserted in womb. It prevents a fertilised egg from implanting in the womb. It changes the fluid so sperm can't survive
Advantages:
-Last up to 10 years depending on type
-Don't have to think about contraception
-Provides lubrication
Disadvantages:
-Periods may be painful
-No protection against STIs
-Vaginal bleeding and pain

99 percent effective
non-hormonal

Question 15

How are the hormones used in IVF?

Answer 15

The other is given FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs. The FSH stimulates the production of many eggs. LH injections causes the eggs to be released from the ovaries

Question 16

Describe the main stages of IVF?

Answer 16

• Mother is given FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of eggs
• The eggs are collected from mother and fertilised by sperm from father in the laboratory
• The fertilised eggs develop into embryos when they are tiny balls of cells
• Two or three embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus

Question 17

What are the benefits of IVF?

Answer 17

• People can choose when to have children
• Couples who are infertile can be treated and have their own children
• Embryos can be screened for genetic diseases

Question 18

What are the disadvantages of IVF?

Answer 18

• It is very emotional and physically stressful
• IVF is expensive
• The success rates are not high
• Some religions think it is wrong for humans to have control over their fertility
• It can lead to multiple births which is a risk to the mother and the babies
• Some people think it’s wrong as some of the embryos are destroyed and not allowed to develop into people