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Endocrine / MSK / Repro > Repro Week 1 > Flashcards

Repro Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do granulosa cells make?

A

progesterone and estrogen

inhibin

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2
Q

What do theca cells make?

A

testosterone

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3
Q

What do Leydig cells make?

A

testosterone (which then gets converted to DHT)

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4
Q

What do Sertoli cells make?

A

inhibin B

MIF (AMH)

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5
Q

How do male internal organs develop?

A

through having testosterone from Leydig cells

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6
Q

How do male external organs develop?

A

through having DHT from testosterone

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7
Q

If you have no internal female organs, what does this indicate?

A

MIF (from Sertoli cells) is working properly

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8
Q

What do you see in androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

female external genitalia

male internal genitalia

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9
Q

Why do you see female external genitalia in androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

androgen receptors aren’t working so testosterone builds up and is converted to estrogen

estrogen leads to development of female external genitalia

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10
Q

Why do you not see female internal organs in androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Sertoli cells are working and producing MIF

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11
Q

what does LH do in androgen insensitivity?

A

increases because body thinks you need more testosterone

leads to large Leydig cells

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12
Q

What is problem in 5a-reductase def?

A

not converting testosterone to DHT

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13
Q

What do you see in 5a-reductase def? Why?

A

male internal organs (have sertoli cells)

underdeveloped male external genitalia (no DHT to fully develop them, but testosterone does a little)

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14
Q

Kallman syndrome

A

failure of neuron migration in hypothalamus

GnRH is not produced (leads to overall low hormones)

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15
Q

How can you test Kallman syndrome?

A

GnRH stim test should be normal (once you give GnRH things are fine)

Clomiphene should be abnormal (clomiphene drops estrogen levels which should increase GnRH, but here our GnRh neurons are not working)

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16
Q

How do you treat Kallman syndrome?

A

estrogen and progesterone

17
Q

What labs do you see in female athlete triad?

A

decreased FSH and decreased estradiol

18
Q

what can help with female athlete syndrome?

A

birth control

19
Q

What do you see in placental aromatase deficiency?

A

inability to convert androgens to estrogen

leads to masculinization of female (XX)

increased levels of testosterone in female

20
Q

What happens to immunity in pregnancy?

A

you shift towards humeral immunity

21
Q

What does progesterone do to muscles?

A

increases cAMP which leads to decreased muscle tone

good to prevent contractions when baby is developing

22
Q

What are the 3 stages of labor?

A

1) Dilation of cervix

2) Deliver baby

3) Deliver placenta

23
Q

What hormone is important immediately postpartum?

A

oxytocin to stimulate uterine contraction and prevent uterine atrophy / postpartum bleeding

24
Q

Umbilical veins carry …

A

oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

25
Q

Umbilical arteries carry …

A

deoxygenated blood / waste from the fetus to the placenta

26
Q

What two hormones help prep for uterine contraction?

A

prostaglandin and oxytocin (more gap junctions to allow influx of Ca2+ for contractions)

27
Q

what happens to BP in pregnancy?

A

decreases

fetus lowers resistance

28
Q

What happens to hemoglobin in pregnancy?

A

decreases due to physiologic anemia (RBCs increase less than total blood volume)

29
Q

What happens to WBCs in pregnancy?

A

increase

30
Q

What happens to FRC in pregnancy?

A

decrease from diaphragm pushing

lower residual volume

31
Q

What is pCO2 in pregnancy?

A

significantly lower to allow for diffusion of waste gas from the fetus

32
Q

What happens to peristalsis in pregnancy?

A

decrease

33
Q

What happens to triglycerides and LDL in pregnancy?

A

synthesis increases because baby needs

34
Q

Do you see less autoimmune diseases during pregnancy?

A

yes because B-calles, CD4, CD8 and NK cells drop

35
Q

Does free T4 increase in pregnancy?

A

no because although there is more thyroid hormone there are also more TBG receptors

36
Q
A

Endocrine / MSK / Repro (8 decks)

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