Repro-Stuff Missed Flashcards

1
Q

PCOS

A

characterized by obesity
oligomenorrhea
infertility
enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Infertility treatments for PCOS patients

A

Treat with clomiphene - estrogen receptor modulator that decreases negative feedback inhibition on hypothalamus by circulating estrogen thus increasing gonadotropin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Treatment of hirsuitism in PCOS patients

A

Spironolactone - androgen receptor antagnoist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Major risk factor for cervical cancer

A

Multiple sex partners – means more exposure to high risk strains of HPV (16, 18, 31, 33)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Major risk factors for cervical cancer

A

Cigarrette smokeing
Lower socioeconomic statis
Early coitarche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mullerian inhibiting factor

A

responsible for regression of paramesonephric ducts give rise to female internal genetalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Testosterone in embryogenesis

A

mediates development of male INTERNAL genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DHT during embryogenesis

A

mediates development of male EXTERNAL genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sx: Infant male has small phalus and hydrophalus. Testes in inguinal area and BP and testosterone is normal. What enzyme is deficient?

A

5-alpha reductase.

5-alpha reductase converts testosterone to DHT.

DHT is reponsible for EXTERNAL male genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

17-hydroxylase deficiency

A

results in decreased secretion of cortisol and sex steroids and increased level of mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
– results in HYPERTENSION and undervirilization of male genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Aromatase deficiency

A

Results in virilization of female infants. Male infants NOT affected.

Aromatase catalyzes conversion of androgens to estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DCIS (Ductal Carcinomas In Siute)

A

precancerous breast lesion

  • maligant clonal cell proliferation contained by surrounding ductal basement membrane
  • myoepithelial layer of duct is preserved and uninvolved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Paget disease of breast

A

rare form of breast cancer

malignant cells spread from superficial DCIS into nipple skin without crossing BM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sclerosing adenosis

A

characterized by central acinar compression and distortion (by surrounding fibrotic tissue and peripheral ductal dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mammary duct ectasia

A

characterized by ductal dilation, thickened breast secretions, and chronic granulomatous inflammation in periductal and interstitial areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sx: HIV positive man (CD4: 280) complains of rectal bleeding, pain, and itching. Single ulcerative mass in anal canal. Likely diagnosis

A

Human Papilloma Virus

- increased risk of anal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hyaditaform moles

A
  • appear as “bunch of grapes”
  • result of trophoblastic proliferation
  • presents as enlarged uterine, abnormal vaginal bleeding, abdominal comfort
  • EXCESSIVE B-hCG
18
Q

Complete mole

A

46, XX; 46XY

  • increased B-hCG
  • increased uterine size
  • can convert to choriocarcinoma
  • 2 sperms + empty egg
  • can become malignant
19
Q

Partial mole

A
  • 69 XXX; 69XXY; 69 XYY
  • moderate increase in B-hCG
  • doesn’t convert to carcinoma
  • fetal parts
  • 2 sperm + 1 egg
  • low risk of malignancy
20
Q

Bicornate uterus

A
  • due to failure of paramesonephric ducts to close
21
Q

Paramesonephric ducts

A

fuse to form uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and superior 1/3 of vagina

22
Q

Conditions that promote renal calculi

A

Increased calcium, phosphate, and uric acid

23
Q

Conditions that PREVENT calculi formation

A

Increased citrate and high fluid intake

24
Q

Patent urachus

A

due to failure of urachus to obliterate by birth

  • *urachus is a remnant of allantois that connects bladder with yolk sac
  • condition presents with urine discharge from the umbilicus
25
Meckel's diverticulum
- incomplete obliteration of vitteline duct (from yolk sac) which conects small intestine with skin
26
Omphacele
caused by incomplete closure of anterior abdominal wall during embryonic development and presents as ventral opening - convered by peritoneum
27
Hypospadias
urethral opening located on ventral surface of penis but rarely in scrotum or perinuem - due to failure of urethral folds to close - associated with downward curvature of penis -
28
Gastrochsis
due to inadequate enlargement of peritoneal cavity during life
29
Primary syphillis
painless ulceration (chancre) - develops 1-3 weeks after contact resoves in 3 - 6 weeks
30
Secondary syphillis
- bacteremic stage - develops 5 -10 weeks following chancre - presents as maculo rash on palms and soles - condylomata lata (large gray like growth)
31
Tertiary syphillis
gummas (painless, induration)
32
Sx: positive VRDL test + pleocytosis (increase in WBC) in lumbar puncture
- Tertiary syphillis | Pleocytosis in spinal cord = neurosyphillis
33
Sx: young male with purulent yellow-green urethral discharge. Gram - diplococci
N. gonorrhoae
34
Treatment of N. gonorrhoae
Ceftriaxone (for gonoccal infection) + Azithromycin to treat Chlamydae
35
Candida vulvuvaginitis
- discharge is thick, white & adherent to vaginal walls ("cottage chesse) - vaginal inflammation - pseudohyphase - treatment: flucanazole
36
Bacterial vaginosis
- thin, off-white discharge with fishy order - no vaginal inflammation - pH > 4,5 - Clue cells + positive whiff test
37
Trichomoniasis
- malodorus, gray-green thin frothy vaginal discharge - evidence of vaginal inflammation - PH > 4.5 - MOTILE trichomonad on smear
38
Causes of Candida vulvugaginits
- antibiotic use - corticosteroid use - OCP use - systemic corticosteroid use
39
HSV-2
infection of sacral sensory ganglia with double stranded DNA virus -results in recurrent, painful genital rash (genital herpes)
40
Mucopurulent cervicitis with cervical motion tenderness is sign of what?
PID - caused by N. gonorrheae and C. trachomatis | - can lead to ectopic pregnancy or infertility due to salpingitis