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604 Physiology > Repro Review Cards > Flashcards

Repro Review Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones from the Hypothalamus

A

GnRH

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2
Q

Hormones from the Pituitary

A

FSH, LH, prolactin

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3
Q

Hormones from the Gonads

A

estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin

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4
Q

Hormones from the Uterus

A

PGF 2 alpha

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5
Q

Hormones from the Placenta

A

progesterone, estrogen, eCG/hCG, relaxin

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6
Q

Protein Hormone Mechanism of Action

A

bind to receptor on cell membrane to activate G protein and use ATP to make cAMP (second messenger cascade) which activates protein kinases to synthesize new products

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7
Q

Steroid Hormone Mechanism of Action

A

can travel freely through the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nuclear membrane, where it binds to receptors that trigger mRNA production to evntually synthesize new proteins

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8
Q

Is the hypothalamus inherently male or female?

A

female

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9
Q

Why does the female develop a surge center in the hypothalamus?

A

alpha fetal protein from the mother binds to estrogen before it enters the brain so the surge center is able to develop

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10
Q

Why doesn’t the male develop a surge center?

A

testosterone does not bind to alpha fetal protein so it freely enters the brain where it’s converted to estrogen in the brain and therefore prevents the hypothalamus from developing a surge center

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11
Q

How often do males secret LH?

A

episodes every 2-6 hours, followed by testosterone secretions

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12
Q

How often do females have an LH surge?

A

once per cycle, preceded by a peak in estrogen

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13
Q

4 Parts of the Estrous Cycle

A

Proestrus
Estrus
Metaestrus
Diestus

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14
Q

Inhibin

A

secreted by the gonads (follicle) and decreases secretion of FSH

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15
Q

How do follicles grow? (3 stages)

A

Small follicles are recruited (antral follicles), secrete little strogen and hig FSH to grow the follicles
Medium follicles are selected and begin to secrete inhibin which decreases FSH
Large/dominant follicles have high strgen that feedbacks on surge ccenter for the high LH to ovulate

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16
Q

2-Cell 2-Gonadotropin Model for Estrogen Synthesis in the Follicles

A

LH binds to receptors on Theca cells and forms testosterone which diffuses into granulosa cells; FSH binds to receptors on the granulosa cells to create the enzyme (aromatase?) to convert the testosterone into estradiol which goes to the capillaries and to target tissues

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17
Q

Preovulatory Surge of LH in the Ovulation Cascade leads to what 3 things?

A
  1. Edema in the follicle
  2. Increase in PGF2alpha
  3. Dominant follicle shifts from estrogen to progesterone secretion
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18
Q

Effect of Increased PGF2alpha on the Dominant Follicle

A

causes contraction of ovarian smooth muscle and release of lysosomal enzymes

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19
Q

2 Results of the Ovulation Cascade that Result in Ovulation

A

Increased follicular pressure and weakening follicle wall

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20
Q

In what species is the uterus required for luteolysis?

A

most species (but not primates!)

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21
Q

luteolysis

A

breakdown of corpus luteum

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22
Q

Requirements or Luteolysis (3)

A
  1. presence of oxytocin receptors on endometrial cells
  2. presence of oxytocin
  3. PGF2alpha syntehsis on endometrium
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23
Q

Why is the uterus not required for luteolysis in primates?

A

it is a intra-ovarian event - oxytocin comes from pituitary and binds to receptors in the ovary that secrete PGF2alpha (instead of coming from the uterus)

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24
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

seminiferous tubules

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25
Q

Hormone from Sertoli cells?

A

inhibin and estrogen and androgen binding proteins

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26
Q

Hormone from Leydig cells?

A

testosterone

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27
Q

What type of cells in the testes does LH bind to?

A

Leydig

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28
Q

What type of cells in the testes does FSH bind to?

A

Sertoli cells

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29
Q

What is testosterone converted to in the Sertoli cells?

A

estradiol and dihydrotestosteron (DHT)

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30
Q

Estradiol, testosterone, and DHT effect on hypothalamus?

A

negative feedback

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31
Q

Capacitation

A

final maturation of sperm when the surface molecules/proteins from the seminal plasma are stripped off in the female reproductive tract

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32
Q

Testicular capsule

A

connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers, facilitates movement of spermatazoa into rete tubules and efferent ducts

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33
Q

Parenchyma of the Testes

A

Seminferous tubules (sertoli and germ cells) and interstitial tissues (Leydig, capillaries, lymphatics)

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34
Q

What cells are important in the blood-testis barrier?

A

Sertoli cells

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35
Q

spermiogenesis

A

process by which spermatids are transformed into mature spermatazoa that are capable of motility and fertilization

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36
Q

4 Phases of Spermiogenesis

A
  1. Golgi phase
  2. Cap phase
  3. Acrosome phase
  4. Maturation phase
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37
Q

Rete tubules

A

tiny channeels through which spermatazoa are transported out of the testis

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38
Q

efferent ducts

A

convey newly formed spermatazoa and tubular fluid into the epididymal duct

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39
Q

epididymis

A

where maturation of sperma occurs, also a resevoir/storage

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40
Q

3 Regions of the Epididymis

A
  1. Head (caput)
  2. Body (corpus)
  3. tail (cauda)
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41
Q

Zona pellucida

A

layers that cover the oocyte

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42
Q

Glycoprotein Layers of the Zona Pellucida

A

ZP1
ZP2
ZP3

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43
Q

ZP1 and ZP2

A

structural proteins for integrity of the zona

44
Q

ZP3

A

the layer which actually binds to the proteins on the spermatozoal membrane

45
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

fusion of the spermatazoal membrane and the outer acrosomal membrane

46
Q

Enzymes of the Acrosomal Reaction

A

acrosin and proacrosin

47
Q

proacrosin

A

aids in the binding of sperm to the zona

48
Q

acrosin

A

hydrolyzes the zona proteins

49
Q

polyspermy

A

fertilization of an oocyte by more than one spermatazoa = EMBRYO DEATH

50
Q

syngamy

A

fusion of th male and female pronuclei, resulting in formation of a zygote

51
Q

Cortical reaction

A

series of changes in the oocyte that prevents fertilization by more than one spermatazoa

52
Q

2 Blocks of the Cortical Reaction

A
  1. Zona block
  2. Vitelline block
53
Q

What hormone is involved in the contraction of the oviduct?

A

estrogen

54
Q

What hormone stimulates secretion of mucus/fluid in the oviduct?

A

progesterone

55
Q

Where does fertilization occur in most species?

A

oviduct

56
Q

Stages of Embryo transport

A

FERTILIZATION –> ootid –> zygote –> cleavages –> blastocysts

57
Q

During what stage does the embryo enter the uterine cavity?

A

early blastocyst

58
Q

When/were does the blastocyst hatch?

A

in the uterus! embryo comes out of the zona and that attaches to the uterine wall to start implantation

59
Q

Stages of Implantation in Ruminants, Pigs, and Horses

A

TWO phases
1. Apposition
2. Adhesion

60
Q

Stages of Implantation in Primates, Rodents, and Carnivores

A

THREE phases
1. Apposition
2. Adhesion
3. INVASION

61
Q

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy in Ruminants

A

IFN-t

binds to oxytocin receptors and blocks them so the uterus stops making PGF2alpha and the the CL can be maintained

62
Q

Maternal Recognitionof Pregnancy in Pigs

A

estrogen

embryo secreting estrogen forces PGF2alpha to the uterine lumen so it cannot rreach the CL and therefore the CL is maintained

63
Q

Luteotropic signal

A

maintains secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum

64
Q

Cells which form the placenta?

A

tropoblasts

65
Q

Antiluteolysin

A

what’s produced in ruminants and pigs to extend the lifesan of the CL

66
Q

luteotropin

A

in humans primates and rodents to extend lifespan of the CL

67
Q

Source of progesterone in later stages of pregnancy?

A

placenta

68
Q

What species do not have a pregnancy recognition signal??

A

dogs, cats, and marsupials!

69
Q

Luteotropic signal in primates

A

chorionic gonadoptropin (CG)

70
Q

Luteotropic signal in rodents

A

prolactin, placental lactogens

71
Q

Binuclear giant cells make up what % of the placenta?

A

20% of fetal placenta

72
Q

Binuclear giant cells secrete what two hormones?

A
  1. Placental lactogen
  2. Pregnancy specific protein B
73
Q

What species could have their ovaries removed during pregnancy and still maintain said pregnancy? Why?

A

sheep, horses, and humans; because the placenta takes over production of progesterone after a certain amount of time

74
Q

The ovary is required to secrete estrogen and progesterone throughout pregnancy in what species?

A

rodents and rabbits

75
Q

The ovary is responsible for progesterone and placenta responsible for estrogen in what species?

A

cattle, goats, pigs, cats, dogs

76
Q

Do binnuclear giant cells come from maternal side or fetal side?

A

fetal

77
Q

What hormone does eCG act like in the mare?

A

LH

78
Q

What hormone does eCG act likein most pecies (not the equine)?

A

FSH

79
Q

PGF2alpha

A

stimulates uterine contractions, responsible for luteolysis, secrete relaxin

80
Q

Relaxin

A

hormone in humans,mares, cats,dogs, pigs, and rabbits (essentially not ruminants) and important in softening of the cervix and relaxation of pelvic ligaments

81
Q

eCG in the mare

A

needed in addition to progesterone to maintain pregnancy (helps increase P4), also causes development of accessory CLs to continue high levels of progesterone production until approximately day 100 when placenta will ake over main progesterone production

82
Q

What hormone must drop before partuition?

A

progesterone

83
Q

Which hormones increase at partuition?

A

estrogen, oxytocin, PGF2alpha, relaxin

84
Q

Role of Hormones in Partuition

A

progesterone drops, estrogen increases contractions and increases oxytocin receptors, oxytocin causes release of PGF2alpha which stimulates contractions, secretes relaxin which softens the cervix and relaxes pelvic ligaments

85
Q

Species with Fetal Control of Partuition

A

sheep, cow, goat, pig

86
Q

Species with Maternal Control of Partuition

A

rodents, rabbits, cats, dogs

87
Q

Species with both Maternal ad Fetal factors that control Partuiton

A

primates

88
Q

Fetal Control of Partuition

A

fetal anterior pit. releases ACTH and the adrenal cortex produces cortisol (stress from lack of space, typically), fetal cortisol stimulates enzymes responsible for conversion of progesterone to estrogen, and also increases PGF2alpha

89
Q

farrowing

A

birth in swine

90
Q

whelping

A

birth in dogs

91
Q

General Signs of approaching Parturition

A

distended abdomen, mammary development and milk secretion, swollen vulva, mucous/waxy discharge, labor/contractions

92
Q

What species can be born butt first?

A

piggies (oink oink)

93
Q

Maternal Control of Parturition

A

maternal oxytocin elicits the PGF2alpha release from the uterus for luteolysis

94
Q

In primates, where parturition is under both fetal and maternal conntrol, where do the following hormones come from?

Estrogen. Prostaglandin. Oxytocin.

A

Estrogen and Prostaglandin come from fetal-placenta side

Oxytocin comes from the maternal side

95
Q

mammogenesis

A

development of the mammary gland under the influence of hormones during puberty and pregnancy

completed dduring pregnancy!

96
Q

mammogenic hormones

A

promote cell oliferation for lobuloalveolar and ductal growth (includes estrogen, progesterone, growth hormone, cortisol, prolactin, etc)

97
Q

2 Stages of Lactogenesis

A

Stage 1 = structural and functional differentiation of secretory cells
Stage 2 = completion of differentiation with onset of milk syntehsis and secretion

98
Q

During what part of gestation does stage 1 of lactogenesis occur?

A

the last third

99
Q

During what part of gestation does sage 2 of lactogenesis occur?

A

trick question suckaaaa it doesn’t occur until parturition

100
Q

Hormones necessary for stage 2 of lactogensesis

A

prolactin and cortisol

101
Q

prolactin

A

peptide hormone from the anterior pituitary very important in lactation and mammary gland function

102
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates milk ejection by contracting myoepihelial cells around the alveoli of the milk ducts; oxytocin stimulated to be produced by suckling

103
Q

colostrum

A

first milk

104
Q

involution

A

regression of the mmmary gland after cessation of milk secretion

105
Q

How many days after the LH surge does ovulation occur in dogs?

A

2 days

106
Q

Where does oocyte maturation occur in dogs?

A

in the oviduct!! (most other species it occurs within the follicle)

107
Q

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A

the fancy term for pyometra

604 Physiology (8 decks)

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