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Repro Review Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones from the Hypothalamus

A

GnRH

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2
Q

Hormones from the Pituitary

A

FSH, LH, prolactin

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3
Q

Hormones from the Gonads

A

estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin

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4
Q

Hormones from the Uterus

A

PGF 2 alpha

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5
Q

Hormones from the Placenta

A

progesterone, estrogen, eCG/hCG, relaxin

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6
Q

Protein Hormone Mechanism of Action

A

bind to receptor on cell membrane to activate G protein and use ATP to make cAMP (second messenger cascade) which activates protein kinases to synthesize new products

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7
Q

Steroid Hormone Mechanism of Action

A

can travel freely through the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nuclear membrane, where it binds to receptors that trigger mRNA production to evntually synthesize new proteins

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8
Q

Is the hypothalamus inherently male or female?

A

female

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9
Q

Why does the female develop a surge center in the hypothalamus?

A

alpha fetal protein from the mother binds to estrogen before it enters the brain so the surge center is able to develop

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10
Q

Why doesn’t the male develop a surge center?

A

testosterone does not bind to alpha fetal protein so it freely enters the brain where it’s converted to estrogen in the brain and therefore prevents the hypothalamus from developing a surge center

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11
Q

How often do males secret LH?

A

episodes every 2-6 hours, followed by testosterone secretions

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12
Q

How often do females have an LH surge?

A

once per cycle, preceded by a peak in estrogen

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13
Q

4 Parts of the Estrous Cycle

A

Proestrus
Estrus
Metaestrus
Diestus

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14
Q

Inhibin

A

secreted by the gonads (follicle) and decreases secretion of FSH

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15
Q

How do follicles grow? (3 stages)

A

Small follicles are recruited (antral follicles), secrete little strogen and hig FSH to grow the follicles
Medium follicles are selected and begin to secrete inhibin which decreases FSH
Large/dominant follicles have high strgen that feedbacks on surge ccenter for the high LH to ovulate

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16
Q

2-Cell 2-Gonadotropin Model for Estrogen Synthesis in the Follicles

A

LH binds to receptors on Theca cells and forms testosterone which diffuses into granulosa cells; FSH binds to receptors on the granulosa cells to create the enzyme (aromatase?) to convert the testosterone into estradiol which goes to the capillaries and to target tissues

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17
Q

Preovulatory Surge of LH in the Ovulation Cascade leads to what 3 things?

A
  1. Edema in the follicle
  2. Increase in PGF2alpha
  3. Dominant follicle shifts from estrogen to progesterone secretion
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18
Q

Effect of Increased PGF2alpha on the Dominant Follicle

A

causes contraction of ovarian smooth muscle and release of lysosomal enzymes

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19
Q

2 Results of the Ovulation Cascade that Result in Ovulation

A

Increased follicular pressure and weakening follicle wall

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20
Q

In what species is the uterus required for luteolysis?

A

most species (but not primates!)

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21
Q

luteolysis

A

breakdown of corpus luteum

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22
Q

Requirements or Luteolysis (3)

A
  1. presence of oxytocin receptors on endometrial cells
  2. presence of oxytocin
  3. PGF2alpha syntehsis on endometrium
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23
Q

Why is the uterus not required for luteolysis in primates?

A

it is a intra-ovarian event - oxytocin comes from pituitary and binds to receptors in the ovary that secrete PGF2alpha (instead of coming from the uterus)

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24
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

seminiferous tubules

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25
Hormone from Sertoli cells?
inhibin and estrogen and androgen binding proteins
26
Hormone from Leydig cells?
testosterone
27
What type of cells in the testes does LH bind to?
Leydig
28
What type of cells in the testes does FSH bind to?
Sertoli cells
29
What is testosterone converted to in the Sertoli cells?
estradiol and dihydrotestosteron (DHT)
30
Estradiol, testosterone, and DHT effect on hypothalamus?
negative feedback
31
Capacitation
final maturation of sperm when the surface molecules/proteins from the seminal plasma are stripped off in the female reproductive tract
32
Testicular capsule
connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers, facilitates movement of spermatazoa into rete tubules and efferent ducts
33
Parenchyma of the Testes
Seminferous tubules (sertoli and germ cells) and interstitial tissues (Leydig, capillaries, lymphatics)
34
What cells are important in the blood-testis barrier?
Sertoli cells
35
spermiogenesis
process by which spermatids are transformed into mature spermatazoa that are capable of motility and fertilization
36
4 Phases of Spermiogenesis
1. Golgi phase 2. Cap phase 3. Acrosome phase 4. Maturation phase
37
Rete tubules
tiny channeels through which spermatazoa are transported out of the testis
38
efferent ducts
convey newly formed spermatazoa and tubular fluid into the epididymal duct
39
epididymis
where maturation of sperma occurs, also a resevoir/storage
40
3 Regions of the Epididymis
1. Head (caput) 2. Body (corpus) 3. tail (cauda)
41
Zona pellucida
layers that cover the oocyte
42
Glycoprotein Layers of the Zona Pellucida
ZP1 ZP2 ZP3
43
ZP1 and ZP2
structural proteins for integrity of the zona
44
ZP3
the layer which actually binds to the proteins on the spermatozoal membrane
45
acrosomal reaction
fusion of the spermatazoal membrane and the outer acrosomal membrane
46
Enzymes of the Acrosomal Reaction
acrosin and proacrosin
47
proacrosin
aids in the binding of sperm to the zona
48
acrosin
hydrolyzes the zona proteins
49
polyspermy
fertilization of an oocyte by more than one spermatazoa = EMBRYO DEATH
50
syngamy
fusion of th male and female pronuclei, resulting in formation of a zygote
51
Cortical reaction
series of changes in the oocyte that prevents fertilization by more than one spermatazoa
52
2 Blocks of the Cortical Reaction
1. Zona block 2. Vitelline block
53
What hormone is involved in the contraction of the oviduct?
estrogen
54
What hormone stimulates secretion of mucus/fluid in the oviduct?
progesterone
55
Where does fertilization occur in most species?
oviduct
56
Stages of Embryo transport
FERTILIZATION --> ootid --> zygote --> cleavages --> blastocysts
57
During what stage does the embryo enter the uterine cavity?
early blastocyst
58
When/were does the blastocyst hatch?
in the uterus! embryo comes out of the zona and that attaches to the uterine wall to start implantation
59
Stages of Implantation in Ruminants, Pigs, and Horses
TWO phases 1. Apposition 2. Adhesion
60
Stages of Implantation in Primates, Rodents, and Carnivores
THREE phases 1. Apposition 2. Adhesion 3. INVASION
61
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy in Ruminants
IFN-t binds to oxytocin receptors and blocks them so the uterus stops making PGF2alpha and the the CL can be maintained
62
Maternal Recognitionof Pregnancy in Pigs
estrogen embryo secreting estrogen forces PGF2alpha to the uterine lumen so it cannot rreach the CL and therefore the CL is maintained
63
Luteotropic signal
maintains secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum
64
Cells which form the placenta?
tropoblasts
65
Antiluteolysin
what's produced in ruminants and pigs to extend the lifesan of the CL
66
luteotropin
in humans primates and rodents to extend lifespan of the CL
67
Source of progesterone in later stages of pregnancy?
placenta
68
What species do not have a pregnancy recognition signal??
dogs, cats, and marsupials!
69
Luteotropic signal in primates
chorionic gonadoptropin (CG)
70
Luteotropic signal in rodents
prolactin, placental lactogens
71
Binuclear giant cells make up what % of the placenta?
20% of fetal placenta
72
Binuclear giant cells secrete what two hormones?
1. Placental lactogen 2. Pregnancy specific protein B
73
What species could have their ovaries removed during pregnancy and still maintain said pregnancy? Why?
sheep, horses, and humans; because the placenta takes over production of progesterone after a certain amount of time
74
The ovary is required to secrete estrogen and progesterone throughout pregnancy in what species?
rodents and rabbits
75
The ovary is responsible for progesterone and placenta responsible for estrogen in what species?
cattle, goats, pigs, cats, dogs
76
Do binnuclear giant cells come from maternal side or fetal side?
fetal
77
What hormone does eCG act like in the mare?
LH
78
What hormone does eCG act likein most pecies (not the equine)?
FSH
79
PGF2alpha
stimulates uterine contractions, responsible for luteolysis, secrete relaxin
80
Relaxin
hormone in humans,mares, cats,dogs, pigs, and rabbits (essentially not ruminants) and important in softening of the cervix and relaxation of pelvic ligaments
81
eCG in the mare
needed in addition to progesterone to maintain pregnancy (helps increase P4), also causes development of accessory CLs to continue high levels of progesterone production until approximately day 100 when placenta will ake over main progesterone production
82
What hormone must drop before partuition?
progesterone
83
Which hormones increase at partuition?
estrogen, oxytocin, PGF2alpha, relaxin
84
Role of Hormones in Partuition
progesterone drops, estrogen increases contractions and increases oxytocin receptors, oxytocin causes release of PGF2alpha which stimulates contractions, secretes relaxin which softens the cervix and relaxes pelvic ligaments
85
Species with Fetal Control of Partuition
sheep, cow, goat, pig
86
Species with Maternal Control of Partuition
rodents, rabbits, cats, dogs
87
Species with both Maternal ad Fetal factors that control Partuiton
primates
88
Fetal Control of Partuition
fetal anterior pit. releases ACTH and the adrenal cortex produces cortisol (stress from lack of space, typically), fetal cortisol stimulates enzymes responsible for conversion of progesterone to estrogen, and also increases PGF2alpha
89
farrowing
birth in swine
90
whelping
birth in dogs
91
General Signs of approaching Parturition
distended abdomen, mammary development and milk secretion, swollen vulva, mucous/waxy discharge, labor/contractions
92
What species can be born butt first?
piggies (oink oink)
93
Maternal Control of Parturition
maternal oxytocin elicits the PGF2alpha release from the uterus for luteolysis
94
In primates, where parturition is under both fetal and maternal conntrol, where do the following hormones come from? Estrogen. Prostaglandin. Oxytocin.
Estrogen and Prostaglandin come from fetal-placenta side Oxytocin comes from the maternal side
95
mammogenesis
development of the mammary gland under the influence of hormones during puberty and pregnancy completed dduring pregnancy!
96
mammogenic hormones
promote cell oliferation for lobuloalveolar and ductal growth (includes estrogen, progesterone, growth hormone, cortisol, prolactin, etc)
97
2 Stages of Lactogenesis
Stage 1 = structural and functional differentiation of secretory cells Stage 2 = completion of differentiation with onset of milk syntehsis and secretion
98
During what part of gestation does stage 1 of lactogenesis occur?
the last third
99
During what part of gestation does sage 2 of lactogenesis occur?
trick question suckaaaa it doesn't occur until parturition
100
Hormones necessary for stage 2 of lactogensesis
prolactin and cortisol
101
prolactin
peptide hormone from the anterior pituitary very important in lactation and mammary gland function
102
oxytocin
stimulates milk ejection by contracting myoepihelial cells around the alveoli of the milk ducts; oxytocin stimulated to be produced by suckling
103
colostrum
first milk
104
involution
regression of the mmmary gland after cessation of milk secretion
105
How many days after the LH surge does ovulation occur in dogs?
2 days
106
Where does oocyte maturation occur in dogs?
in the oviduct!! (most other species it occurs within the follicle)
107
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
the fancy term for pyometra

604 Physiology (8 decks)

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