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604 Physiology > Renal Phys 1 > Flashcards

Renal Phys 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main Roles of the Kidney

A
  1. Excretory
  2. Regulatory (Homeostasis)
  3. Synthesis of Hormones
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2
Q

Functional Unit of the Kidney?

A

nephron

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3
Q

Excretory Role of the Kidney

A

plasma clearance of non-volatile products (urea/creatinine)

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4
Q

2 Types of Nephrons

A
  1. Superficial/Cortical Nephrons
  2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons
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5
Q

Blood supply to the kidney?

A

renal artery

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6
Q

Is the kidney innervated by sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves?

A

sympathetic (with alpha-1 receptors and norepinephrine as main neurotransmitter)

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7
Q

Reason Renal Artery is so short?

A

high pressure and high flow rate allows for adequate filtration

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8
Q

2 Capillary Beds of Kidney

A
  1. Glomerular
  2. Peritubular
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9
Q

Vasa Recta

A

peritubular capillaries in the juxtamedullary region

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10
Q

Afferent and Efferent Arterioles

A

afferent carries blood into glomerulus and efferent controls flow out to the vasa recta; allows for fine-tuned control of pressure and flow in glomerular capillaries

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11
Q

4 Steps of Plasma Clearance

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Excretion
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12
Q

Where does reabsorption occur?

A

vasa recta

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13
Q

What part of the nephron has high hydrostatic pressure?

A

glomerular capillaries

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14
Q

What part of the nephron has high oncotic pressure?

A

vasa recta/peritubular capillaries

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15
Q

Do tubles require a lot of ATP?

A

yes

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16
Q

Why is absorption favored in the vasa recta?

A

high oncotic pressure d/t proteins in the blood plasma that want to PULL fluid towards them (out of the tubule back into the blood supply)

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17
Q

Transporters on Blood Side of Proximal Tubule

A

primary active transporters (sodium potassium pump)

18
Q

Transporters on Lumenal Side of Proximal Tubule Cells

A

secondary active cotransporters for glucose and AAs

19
Q

Regulatory Role of the Kidney

A

maintains ECF and osmolality, electrolytes, blood pressure, and acid-base balance, primarily by retaining or excreting water, salt, H+, and bicarbonate

20
Q

How much sodium does the kidne reabsorb?

A

basically all of it

21
Q

Macula Densa

A

cells of the distal tubule that communicate with juxtaglomerular cells that surround the capillaries; can sense flow rate and sodium conc. in the tubule

22
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

macula densa cells can sense flow rate and sodium concentration through the tubule, and signals to the mesangial cells, which signal to the JG cells, which will then signal to smooth muscle in afferent arteriole to either contract or relax

23
Q

What percent of renal plasma flow is filtered?

A

~20%

24
Q

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

A

how the kidney regulartes blood pressure

25
Q

Angiotensin II

A

increases sodium and water retention and signals to adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone and brain to produce antidiuertic hormone –> inc sodium and water retention more therefore increasing blood volume and cardiac output

26
Q

Cortical Nephron

A

make up 80-85% of the nephrons, only goes into outer medulla, shorter proximal convoluting tubules therefore salt-losing

27
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron

A

make up 15-20% of nephrons in the kidney, goes all the way into inner medulla, longer proximal convoluted tubule, favors reabsorption, salt-conserving

28
Q

Which nephron is responsiible for concentrating urine?

A

juxtamedullary

29
Q

How does kidney maintain blood pressure?

A

can shunt blood between the different types of neurons

ex: low BP, kidney would shunt blood from cortical nephrons to juxtamedullary since they’re better at reabsorbing salt, therefore inc BP

30
Q

What cells sensethe oxygen level in the blood?

A

renal erythropoietin producing (REP) cells, erythropoietin

31
Q

Effect of Erythropoietin when oxygen levels are low?

A
  1. proliferate blood stem cells so there are more of them (increase mitosis)
  2. speeds up differentiation into red blood cells –> inc. # means inc. oxygen in blood
32
Q

Mass Balance Equation

A
33
Q

2 Outputs from the Kidney

A
  1. Renal Vein
  2. Ureter
34
Q

Filtered Load Equation

A

Fx = GFR * Px

35
Q

Excreted Load Equation

A

Ex = Ux * V

36
Q

Premise of Renal Mass Balance?

A

any difference bewteen input and output of the kidney indicates secretion or absorption is occurring

37
Q

If filtered load is higher than excreted load, is there net reabsorption or secretion?

A

net reabsorption

38
Q

If filtered load is higher than excreted load, is there net reabsorption or secretion?

A

net secretion

39
Q

Filtered Fraction

A

GFR divided by RPF (renal plasma flow) should equal about 20%

40
Q

Tubular Transport Rate (reabsorption)

A

filtered load minus excretion load

41
Q

Concentration of Solute is free or bound?

A

free, not bound by proteins!

604 Physiology (8 decks)

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