Repro - Male Flashcards
making gonadal steroids
CHL + desmolase –> .pregnenolone –> progesterone
RL: 17 alpha-hydroxylase convert progesterone to 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone
can then go to T
aromatase needed for E
LH, FSH in life
peak @ mid gestation
stay low in childhood (inhibition very sensitive) FSH > LH
start to go up @ puberty
repro: LH> FSH and females cycle
senescence: FSH> LH, spike quickly in females, slow in males
maleness and chromosomes
Y has sex determining region
X has gene for androgen receptor
femaleness and chromosomes
X has AHC (adrenocortical hypoplasia) codes for trnascription factors that stim ovary and inhibit testes
hormones needed to be a male
local testosterone from testes stim Wolffian duct (internal)
AMH from sertoli stop mullerian duct from developing
systemic T –> DHT stim external
hormones needed to be a female
no T
no AMH
no DHT
breast development and hormones
absence of androgens –> breasts
presence –> suppression of breasts
sperm development stages
spermatagonia, 2n (mitosis –>)
primary spermatocytes, 2n (1st meiotic –>)
secondary spermatocytes, n (2nd meiotic –>)
spermatids, n (remodeling –>)
spermatazoa
sperm and temp
outside body - 1-2 C less
high temp slows mitosis and increase apoptosis
too low - cremaster lifts to warm
supportive glands
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral
seminal vesicles
make fructose for snack
prostaglandins
provide > 1/2 semen
fibrinogen - clotting factor to stick in female
prostate gland
alkaline fluid
fibrinolysin
bulbourethral glands
mucus for lube
erection mech
8x increase in blood
para reflex from sacral region
fill cavernosal venous sinuses
vessels change w/ NO, cGMP, and prostag E
ejaculation phases
emission
expulsion
emission phase
symp impulses –>
SM in prostate, repro ducts and seminal vesicles –>
semen into urethra
expulsion phase
urethra filling –> nerves activate skeletal muscles (bulbocavernosis) @ base - contractions @ 0.8 s intervals
forcibly expel semen
capacitation
changes upon exposure to female secretiions
destabalize sperm’s membrane to prep for accrosomal rxn
acrosomal rxn
acrosome has digesting enzymes - used to penetrate zona pellucida and get to oocyte
male puberty
LH and FSH rise due to increased pituitary responsiveness to GnRH
up testicular growth
up T production
T to DHT
5 alpha reductase needed
DHT more potent, higher affinity
5 alpha reductase forms
type 2: male differentiation in utero
type 1: DHT there after in tissues liek prostate
DHT dependent maleness
penile, scrotum and prostatic growth
body hair distribution
sebaceous gland activity
T dependent maleness
up muscle
up bone
vocal cord elongation
libido
