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Physiology > GI - Intro > Flashcards

GI - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

gut fxn

A

acquire fuel to make ATP
get water
get electrolytes
get raw materials for construction

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2
Q

gut processes

A

movement
secretion
digestion
absorption

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3
Q

gut regulated processes

A

movement

secretion

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4
Q

GI SM RMP

A

slow waves

frequency diff in diff areas (3 - stomach, 12 - duo, 8 - colon)

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5
Q

interstitial cells of cajal (ICC) location

A

between long and circular muscle layers

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6
Q

interstitial cells of cajal (ICC) fxn

A

nonneural pacemakers from stomach and intestine

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7
Q

slow wave RMP benefits

A

synchronize muscle contractions (contractions only occur at crests)

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8
Q

peristalsis steps

A
  1. bolus distends gut
  2. stretch stimulates interneurons - inhibit (relax) downstream - excite (contract) upstream
  3. MP becomes more depolarized
  4. AP happens as slow wave hits (crest)
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9
Q

mucosa

A

innermost layer of GI tube

specialized along length

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10
Q

layers of mucosa

A

mucous membrane
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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11
Q

mucous membrane fxn

A

protective surface
secretion
absorption

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12
Q

mucous membrane cell type

A

epithelium

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13
Q

lamina propria cell types

A 
CT
small blood vessels
lymph vessels
nerve fibers
MALT (immune)
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14
Q

muscularis mucosa cell type

A

SM

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15
Q

muscularis mucosa fxn

A

change folding to inscrease SA exposed to lumen

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16
Q

submucosa cell types

A

CT
larger blood vessels
submucosal (meissner’s) plexus

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17
Q

muscularis externa layers

A

inner circular muscle
myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
outer longitudinal muscle

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18
Q

outer longitudinal muscle fxn

A

shorten

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19
Q

inner circular muscle fxn

A

lengthen

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20
Q

myenteric (Aurbach’s) plexus location

A

between inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle

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21
Q

serosa fxns

A

secrete fluid - make slippery

attach to body wall (mesentery)

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22
Q

mesentery fxns

A

suspend organs from inner wall like sling

adhesions inhibit mvmt

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23
Q

GI innervated by

A

ANS (extrinsic)

enteric nervous system (ENS - intrinsic)

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24
Q

ANS stim (para vs symp)

A

Para - stim motor and secretory activity

Symp - inhibit GI secretion and motility; constrict blood vessels

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25
ENS components
myenteric plexus | submucous plexus
26
myenteric plexus fxn
exert control over motility
27
submucous plexus fxn
sense lumen environment regulate GI blood flow control epi fxn (secretion)
28
excitatory (contraction) GI NTs
ACh | Sub P
29
inhibitory (relaxation) GI NTs
NO VIP ATP
30
sensory NTs
serotonin (5-HT)
31
saliva fxns
``` lubrication of food prevent food apiration initiating digestion neutralize gastric acid minimize tooth decay ```
32
saliva: digestion
``` alpha amylase (cleaves 1,4-glycosidic bonds in starch) lingual lipase ```
33
saliva: antibacterials
IgA, lysozome, lactoferrin
34
lysozyme fxn
attack bacterial cell wall
35
lactoferrin fxn
chelates iron that micro-org needs for growth
36
salivary secretion cells
acinar cells | duct cells
37
acinar cells fxn
secrete initial salica water, electrolytes and organic molecules (amylase) resemble plasma in ion concentration/tonicity
38
myoepithelial cells
contract to secrete saliva
39
acinar transport (lumen side)
1. K into lumen 2. Cl/HCO3 cotransport into lumen 3. Na comes into lumen paracellularly
40
acinar tranport (blood side)
1. Na/K ATPase maintain Na gradient (Na into blood, K into cell) 2. Cl/K/Na cotransport from blood to cell
41
salivary duct cell fxns
make modifications reabsorb Na and Cl add K and HCO3 saliva becomes hypotonic (remove more ions than add)
42
hormone that accentuates duct cell action
aldosterone
43
salivary secretion regulation (type)
``` neural only (aldosterone only modifies saliva) ```
44
salivary secretion regulation (parasympathetic)
major controller stimulates salivary secretion stimulates myoepithelial cells vasodilation in surrounding blood vessels
45
salivary secretion regulation (sympathetic)
constrict blood flow | similar effects of para but transient, less pronounced
46
salivary secretion (para) mechanism
Ach muscarinic cholinergic receptors IP3 and increased Ca
47
salivary secretion (symp) mechanism
NE beta receptors cAMP
48
things that increase salivary secretion
food (sight, smell, taste, thought, chewing, spicy/sour tasting) vomiting smoking
49
things that decrease salivary secretion
sleep fear dehydration fatigue
50
medical events that alter saliva composition
sjogrens CF post-radiation of head/neck
51
age changes to oral cavity
less saliva | taste bud atrophy
52
esophagus fxns
transfer food to stomach isolate GI tract from outside prevent reflux of gastric contents
53
esophagus musculature
upper 1/3 - skeletal | lower 2/3 - SM
54
esophagus layers
mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa
55
esophageal sphincters (+ control)
upper - under voluntary control (contains sk muscle) | lower - regulated by ANS/ENS
56
GI tone
SM in GI walls maintains constant level of contraction
57
fxn of GI tone
keep P on contents | prevent overextension
58
types of digestive motility
propulsive movements | mixing movements
59
propulsive movements
propel contents at various speeds (eso: fast, SI: slow)
60
mixing movements
mix w/ digestive juices | expose contents to absorptive surfaces
61
pressure in pharynx leads to
pressure receptors send impulses to swallowing center (in medulla) which initiates the swallowing reflex@ pharynx and upper esophagus
62
how food stays out of nasopharynx
movement of soft palate + contraction of superior constrictors
63
contraction of superior constrictors --> ?
initiate peristaltic wave
64
actions of pharyngeal phase
close nasopharynx propel food down into esophagus UES relaxes peristaltic wave
65
time in pharyngeal phase
< 1 second
66
time in esophageal phase
5 - 10 seconds
67
actions of esophageal phase
bolus passes through UES, sphincter constricts primary peristalsis goes down esophagus LES relaxes early secondary peristalsis may occur to remove residual material
68
esophageal musculature innervation
vagus nerve striated: somatic motor fibers of vagus smooth: visceral motor fibers of vagus (to myenteric plexus)
69
LES actions
maintains tonic closure augmented reflex closure relaxes upon swallowing
70
LES innervations
tonic closure: myogenic/neurogenic factors | relaxation: vagally mediated inhibition (NO)
71
achalasia
LES fails to relax difficulty swallowing possible aspiration
72
achalasia mechanism
neuronal loss in myenteric plexus b/c myenteric fibrosis | particularly NO/VIP neurons
73
age changes to esophagus
``` stiffer muscle deterioration slower, weaker peristalsis less resting P of LES higher chance of reflux ```

Physiology (22 decks)

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